{"id":"W3208972124","doi":"10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109711","title":"Changes to interfacial characteristics by low salinity water/nanoparticle flooding in carbonate reservoir","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering","topic":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion; Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia; Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea; National Research Foundation of Korea","keywords":"Contact angle; Enhanced oil recovery; Surface tension; Zeta potential; Nanofluid; Carbonate; Nanoparticle; Chemical engineering; Adsorption; Drop (telecommunication); Materials science; Capillary pressure; Salinity; Petroleum engineering; Chemistry; Nanotechnology; Geology; Composite material; Organic chemistry; Porous medium; Thermodynamics; Metallurgy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007970538,0.0001107602,0.0001069783,0.0001265775,0.000152181,0.0001889556,0.0001695054,0.0001836574,0.001585676],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002397367,0.00009919491,0.0001218888,0.0001361395,0.0001862423,0.000219643,0.0001366101,0.0002533959,0.000120207],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002208886,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001509769,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004397325,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003786251,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999428,0.000003448481,0.000003938608,0.00001277386,0.00001913059,0.00001796509],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999063,0.00001848152,0.00002285755,0.000004221376,0.00003435116,0.000013791],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001716824,0.00001501605,0.002585943,0.00002556138,0.000003916115,0.0001417865,0.00005428405,0.0002334803,0.9953877,0.00004420967,0.00004933996,0.001287097],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007370349,0.0001559725,0.02274886,0.00000355232,0.00001237689,0.0000935482,0.0002014646,0.005703392,0.9706385,0.00003273233,0.0003904226,0.00001187881],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9992944,0.00003202647,0.0002075029,0.00001256588,0.000002932546,0.000002560643,0.00006674902,0.000008554392,0.0003726004],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992715,0.0000272508,0.0001641836,0.00000576303,9.792961e-7,0.000002658923,0.0000511379,0.000003517847,0.000472999],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004397325,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.008743465,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007029273198872852,"score_gpt":0.2173814031356903,"score_spread":0.2103521299368175,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}