{"id":"W3208972124","doi":"10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109711","title":"Changes to interfacial characteristics by low salinity water/nanoparticle flooding in carbonate reservoir","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering","topic":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion; Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia; Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea; National Research Foundation of Korea","keywords":"Contact angle; Enhanced oil recovery; Surface tension; Zeta potential; Nanofluid; Carbonate; Nanoparticle; Chemical engineering; Adsorption; Drop (telecommunication); Materials science; Capillary pressure; Salinity; Petroleum engineering; Chemistry; Nanotechnology; Geology; Composite material; Organic chemistry; Porous medium; Thermodynamics; Metallurgy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007618513,0.00011623,0.0002244077,0.0002894767,0.00003510031,0.0001050394,0.0001966748,0.00004090375,0.000005400318],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002470457,0.0001039935,0.00002282019,0.0003595132,0.00002952432,0.0003725895,0.00008410621,0.0002494109,0.000001716092],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001865225,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003617333,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000427512,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002200512,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989125,0.000009259347,0.0002918736,0.0001258811,0.0002961109,0.0003644362],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995717,0.00002857191,0.00002932394,0.0001016217,0.0001301743,0.0001386446],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006172971,0.000009795574,0.0003862854,0.00004465135,0.000004654466,0.0000431782,0.000340332,0.01513064,0.9826314,0.000009165721,0.00004537437,0.00134829],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001476555,0.00008025012,0.002203506,0.0002077674,0.000004440648,0.00003958077,0.00007160144,0.05912468,0.9370052,0.00001726603,0.0009487311,0.0001493886],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9976546,0.0001441536,0.001356154,0.0002204581,0.0004750579,0.00002242459,0.000003813969,0.00004797779,0.00007537799],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99874,0.0001682457,0.0009324799,0.00004061175,0.0000872055,0.000003124296,4.316252e-7,0.00001571381,0.00001214877],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04562633,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4240734,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007029273198872852,"score_gpt":0.2173814031356903,"score_spread":0.2103521299368175,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}