{"id":"W3209029998","doi":"10.5194/essd-2021-386","title":"Global Carbon Budget 2021","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":107,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Environment and Climate Change Canada; Tula Foundation","funders":"Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program; NOAA Research; Fondation BNP Paribas; Horizon 2020; Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University; Office of Science; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation; Helmholtz Association; Natural Environment Research Council; Norges Forskningsråd; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Marine Institute; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; University of Reading; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan; National Centre for Atmospheric Science; Sight Research UK; National Science Foundation; European Space Agency; Royal Society; National Natural Science Foundation of China; U.S. Department of Energy; NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory; Department of Science and Innovation, South Africa; National Research Foundation; Met Office; Tula Foundation; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Newton Fund; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; U.S. Department of Commerce","keywords":"Biosphere; Environmental science; Greenhouse gas; Carbon cycle; Climate change; Carbon sink; Land use, land-use change and forestry; Climatology; Global change; Global warming; Earth system science; Atmospheric sciences; Land use; Ecology; Oceanography; Geology; Ecosystem","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003469969,0.00009059013,0.0000775107,4.822093e-7,0.0000408954,0.00001284423,0.00009562423,0.0000459572,0.01513573],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000649228,0.00008402823,0.00003972549,0.0001754814,0.00009440234,0.00005447728,0.0002601395,0.00003902584,0.0005112433],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002432597,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006055752,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005529344,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002523606,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992533,0.00001766707,0.00009340487,0.000246515,0.0001890828,0.0002000582],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996729,0.000005385289,0.00001714841,0.0002111179,0.000001105125,0.00009235615],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004397582,0.0001117943,0.9342838,0.000001382199,0.00001091706,0.000105626,0.00003641461,0.03369915,0.0009792019,0.0005251266,0.001847771,0.0283944],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005187468,0.00005441367,0.878652,0.000004451546,0.00002819139,0.0001168731,0.000584989,0.03748788,0.0007643841,0.003099401,0.07814898,0.0005396666],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.60743,0.00003579033,0.003557408,0.0002443629,0.00009808994,0.00002797883,7.974853e-7,0.00001969333,0.3885858],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9507247,0.00005119657,0.02530814,0.0007454059,0.00003210866,0.000003672785,0.000004613822,0.000008146713,0.02312206],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3654638,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9857646,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003295964301491841,"score_gpt":0.1889112626358872,"score_spread":0.1856152983343953,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}