{"id":"W3209029998","doi":"10.5194/essd-2021-386","title":"Global Carbon Budget 2021","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":107,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Environment and Climate Change Canada; Tula Foundation","funders":"Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program; NOAA Research; Fondation BNP Paribas; Horizon 2020; Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University; Office of Science; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation; Helmholtz Association; Natural Environment Research Council; Norges Forskningsråd; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Marine Institute; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; University of Reading; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan; National Centre for Atmospheric Science; Sight Research UK; National Science Foundation; European Space Agency; Royal Society; National Natural Science Foundation of China; U.S. Department of Energy; NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory; Department of Science and Innovation, South Africa; National Research Foundation; Met Office; Tula Foundation; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Newton Fund; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; U.S. Department of Commerce","keywords":"Biosphere; Environmental science; Greenhouse gas; Carbon cycle; Climate change; Carbon sink; Land use, land-use change and forestry; Climatology; Global change; Global warming; Earth system science; Atmospheric sciences; Land use; Ecology; Oceanography; Geology; Ecosystem","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001671403,0.002354844,0.001121321,0.002116998,0.0008149939,0.003268749,0.001317917,0.002749322,0.1394922],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001955185,0.0004953782,0.0007985405,0.003736201,0.000570868,0.003183874,0.002054057,0.002680246,0.113156],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003926179,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.008191594,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02853606,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01374279,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993069,0.0001173757,0.00003608795,0.000116382,0.0002832653,0.000139969],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992137,0.00004968023,0.00004725463,0.00006690666,0.0005304781,0.0000919613],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000199344,0.00004606043,0.0007032536,0.00102306,0.00006625799,0.00009570194,0.00004565747,0.001024882,0.001132361,0.03437368,0.7579179,0.2033718],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001633779,0.00001359085,0.0004630911,0.0001534067,0.000008529209,0.00002291241,0.0000204536,0.0001414671,0.0001359699,0.003214007,0.9958034,0.000006810773],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.002497641,0.02489477,0.007568898,0.03443699,0.01798032,0.000649803,0.2351235,0.002954729,0.6738932],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.05149215,0.04335029,0.02815521,0.01989814,0.003374229,0.004056043,0.2770893,0.002303017,0.5702817],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1394922,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4666477,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003295964301491841,"score_gpt":0.1889112626358872,"score_spread":0.1856152983343953,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}