{"id":"W3215011116","doi":"10.1109/ms.2021.3130755","title":"Conceptualizing Digital Twins","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Software","topic":"Digital Transformation in Industry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":122,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Software engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00001550304,0.0001003029,0.00009327782,0.0000242355,0.00005192216,0.0001246779,0.00008398096,0.00007735079,0.0001736217],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004071731,0.0001156296,0.00005394902,0.0001603225,0.00002853965,0.0006170535,0.00001386358,0.0001372289,0.0003342048],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003897343,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000026053,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":3.036109e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.254307e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994383,0.000003321956,0.0001567172,0.00009639817,0.000123442,0.0001817581],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996645,0.00004873557,0.000008923021,0.0001578059,0.00004907709,0.00007091865],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000141216,0.000274423,0.02913349,0.001361289,0.0007151019,0.0009613371,0.01680978,0.3168945,0.004286903,0.008235519,0.2146505,0.4066631],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001372541,0.00003980955,0.00117539,0.0003814978,0.00003200917,0.0002852393,0.003585992,0.002143927,0.1106303,0.003005723,0.8758588,0.001488792],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5285745,0.0007373797,0.1842927,0.00008506182,0.004034003,0.0001745906,0.0005274356,0.004297093,0.2772773],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982802,0.000007538621,0.0006490281,0.00008249094,0.0001146664,0.000007626079,0.00004739521,0.00003148071,0.000779618],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6612083,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.471524,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02166072588118796,"score_gpt":0.2272098786001635,"score_spread":0.2055491527189755,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}