{"id":"W3215946960","doi":"10.3390/computers10120164","title":"Click Fraud in Digital Advertising: A Comprehensive Survey","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computers","topic":"Spam and Phishing Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Realm; Categorization; Perspective (graphical); Online advertising; World Wide Web; Internet privacy; Data science; Computer security; Advertising; The Internet; Business; Artificial intelligence; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002327854,0.0004580895,0.0007192766,0.009614132,0.0006415977,0.002581296,0.0005181568,0.000987431,0.002539341],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008075249,0.0003190779,0.0005105043,0.0101915,0.0008968594,0.004395446,0.0008886736,0.001014597,0.00107917],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006516637,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000718638,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002537566,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002732376,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968994,0.0006355417,0.0003480114,0.0003929314,0.001472492,0.0002516359],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9797736,0.01199063,0.004663211,0.0007094667,0.002064001,0.0007990422],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002195869,0.0003519522,0.3909448,0.004572845,0.0002169841,0.000971061,0.004092302,0.001339296,0.001870408,0.007924511,0.02564616,0.5618501],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001104597,0.0004389147,0.7011976,0.003452522,0.0002789172,0.008776779,0.007714607,0.005533997,0.002924039,0.003064384,0.2664642,0.0001429495],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.7821759,0.1725504,0.003981852,0.00438231,0.0002939994,0.0001504271,0.004463102,0.0002993502,0.03170256],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8347255,0.1546723,0.002316773,0.001309614,0.0005740338,0.00004254741,0.002628285,0.00006666794,0.00366411],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.009614132,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01231104,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02702086727640573,"score_gpt":0.2475269959347288,"score_spread":0.2205061286583231,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}