{"id":"W3216080992","doi":"10.3389/frwa.2021.767399","title":"How Important Are Those Fracture Zones? Scale Dependent Characteristics Revealed Through Field Studies and an Integrated Hydrological Model of a Mountain Headwater Catchment","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Water","topic":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Natural Resources Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Simon Fraser University","keywords":"Bedrock; Geology; Groundwater; Drainage basin; Hydrology (agriculture); Fracture (geology); Geomorphology; Aquifer; Groundwater flow; Subsurface flow; Digital elevation model; Fracture zone; Elevation (ballistics); Scale (ratio); Geophysics; Geotechnical engineering; Remote sensing","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002153168,0.0001513388,0.0001777333,0.0003063684,0.0002439226,0.0007302103,0.0003762505,0.0004655746,0.0005366249],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000576952,0.0001763778,0.0002619615,0.0003376527,0.0003871628,0.0004010463,0.0002227075,0.0001911827,0.00003925287],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007305322,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004683801,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04856211,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04643624,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999353,0.00001334734,0.00000323818,0.00002258314,0.000006569787,0.00001907034],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998741,0.00004748851,0.000029385,0.00001360179,0.00001764246,0.00001769821],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001069633,0.0002471928,0.1891588,0.00002772463,0.00006819899,0.0003524004,0.0002458447,0.7898467,0.009051138,0.001113861,0.0002482552,0.009532962],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001385208,0.00003298218,0.09494837,0.000004084005,0.00001879639,0.00002999094,0.0001638351,0.9039804,0.0003316811,0.0003223929,0.0001439699,0.000009724553],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9984463,0.00001043599,0.001157424,0.00002369557,5.244063e-7,0.000009988685,0.00006912394,0.00001402076,0.0002685863],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999213,0.00001353591,0.0006134963,0.000002866539,8.65173e-7,0.000005936974,0.00004899975,0.000002254634,0.00009913102],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04856211,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09655887,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01961157068089459,"score_gpt":0.2549263841070359,"score_spread":0.2353148134261414,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}