{"id":"W37229932","doi":"10.1057/9781137314154_4","title":"Case Studies and (Causal-) Process Tracing","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks","topic":"Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":78,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Outcome (game theory); Process tracing; Tracing; Causal inference; Process (computing); Context (archaeology); Situational ethics; Computer science; Causal structure; Matching (statistics); Psychology; Epistemology; Management science; Data science; Social psychology; Engineering; Mathematics; Political science; Econometrics; History; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002018692,0.0004986158,0.000996301,0.0004109631,0.001041919,0.0001630935,0.0003290331,0.000285582,0.0004965903],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000600176,0.0004448344,0.0002062436,0.00005514862,0.002010946,0.000001525722,0.0001747112,0.0005096294,0.0001991226],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001640167,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002009986,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002551513,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006193832,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9965999,0.0005506608,0.0005414287,0.0007644426,0.0009504735,0.000593091],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966958,0.001306559,0.0003534943,0.0003809672,0.0009324919,0.0003307474],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001684411,2.042848e-7,0.00005200414,0.0001985078,0.0005223416,0.000716447,0.04204702,8.295215e-7,0.00001383739,0.9483206,0.00005632187,0.008055029],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002209727,0.0000919904,0.000011861,0.0002409952,0.0001744128,0.00009433119,0.009546067,0.00002162175,0.00004600756,0.9857242,0.003248805,0.0005787328],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.002153622,0.003897849,0.0003450449,0.00012978,0.0001036242,0.0006522932,0.00003125593,0.00008378614,0.9926028],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9464269,0.0004017701,0.0001077144,0.0001005195,0.0004471004,0.00005045771,0.00000770314,0.00005754601,0.05240028],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9442733,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998003,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1401598097499413,"score_gpt":0.4285902232759994,"score_spread":0.2884304135260581,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}