{"id":"W4200367530","doi":"10.3390/jcp1040039","title":"Ads and Fraud: A Comprehensive Survey of Fraud in Online Advertising","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","topic":"Spam and Phishing Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Novelty; Online advertising; Revenue; Context (archaeology); Advertising; The Internet; Perspective (graphical); Computer science; Business; Advertising research; Taxonomy (biology); Data science; World Wide Web; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00395583,0.000764512,0.001047729,0.02305045,0.001317679,0.005050633,0.000834869,0.001984667,0.002601807],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01504523,0.0005839861,0.001118775,0.01908308,0.002134847,0.00922621,0.001793156,0.001784793,0.0008704661],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001434739,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001639049,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002746335,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00264157,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9940395,0.001832763,0.0009006561,0.0003978577,0.002509237,0.0003199964],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.970898,0.01969156,0.004855668,0.000873406,0.00304961,0.0006317454],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000156576,0.0002535621,0.1136826,0.006573441,0.0002901755,0.0008250976,0.003379676,0.002015614,0.0003288034,0.048512,0.03543108,0.7885514],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001947137,0.0003615574,0.1772082,0.02061592,0.0004824916,0.01361972,0.007772386,0.007848768,0.00121809,0.04132282,0.7292974,0.0002330884],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.06977139,0.8767723,0.007329902,0.0093345,0.0006676383,0.0001889648,0.00122002,0.0001177456,0.03459766],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1955927,0.7901537,0.00538322,0.002394065,0.001861664,0.00006206116,0.001200748,0.00004670156,0.003305158],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02305045,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02092063,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03025813020194515,"score_gpt":0.2799665750259049,"score_spread":0.2497084448239597,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}