{"id":"W4200367530","doi":"10.3390/jcp1040039","title":"Ads and Fraud: A Comprehensive Survey of Fraud in Online Advertising","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","topic":"Spam and Phishing Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Novelty; Online advertising; Revenue; Context (archaeology); Advertising; The Internet; Perspective (graphical); Computer science; Business; Advertising research; Taxonomy (biology); Data science; World Wide Web; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004716175,0.00007906631,0.0002650002,0.0001238086,0.000043781,0.00006447226,0.0001868336,0.00006849661,0.000006391451],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003225178,0.00007438647,0.00004059842,0.0003345973,0.00004229278,0.0004834767,0.0001683827,0.0003028213,2.343852e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001566976,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009816972,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003555777,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000365906,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989761,0.0002306482,0.0003596899,0.0001309345,0.0001954861,0.0001071972],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989073,0.0003163263,0.0002453123,0.00015392,0.0002980671,0.00007905955],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000537728,0.001230836,0.6621739,0.0004620426,0.0002827822,0.000978476,0.05219053,0.0002508917,0.01667183,0.003854043,0.001290069,0.2600768],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008958039,0.000169621,0.9882305,0.0001974313,0.000009797795,0.0003424033,0.0001597411,0.001977744,0.001850712,0.004520913,0.001543004,0.0001023855],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9896011,0.003776681,0.00575077,0.0005316221,0.0002618618,0.00002792308,0.000004714929,0.00000480457,0.00004054505],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9927899,0.0008147414,0.00617443,0.0001656938,0.00004588207,1.018492e-7,0.000001268072,0.000003179048,0.000004796134],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3260565,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3033392,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03025813020194515,"score_gpt":0.2799665750259049,"score_spread":0.2497084448239597,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}