{"id":"W4206215526","doi":"10.1007/978-1-59745-268-7_62","title":"Biochar As a Precursor of Activated Carbon","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Humana Press eBooks","topic":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":54,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"","keywords":"Potassium hydroxide; Biochar; Thermogravimetric analysis; Activated carbon; Pyrolysis; Microporous material; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Scanning electron microscope; Carbon fibers; Chemistry; Graphite; Potassium; Inorganic chemistry; Chemical engineering; Materials science; Nuclear chemistry; Organic chemistry; Adsorption; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001419305,0.0003693067,0.000362873,0.000109281,0.00005975361,0.00001666952,0.0003428333,0.0004382831,0.004517741],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000680214,0.0003406379,0.0002023779,0.00001038059,0.0004694883,0.00003526097,0.0002487038,0.000331894,0.0004244043],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001248477,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001535605,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004485371,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001086374,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981952,0.00001755179,0.0004352643,0.0004682276,0.0005968467,0.000286858],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998942,0.00001890568,0.0004194527,0.0004558305,0.00001766911,0.0001461956],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008697401,0.0002165393,0.00001194295,0.0002932353,0.0006151809,0.0002084637,0.00182608,0.00003209204,0.2982758,0.3993089,0.008735519,0.2896065],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004298632,0.0001730747,0.00003162841,0.000145804,0.00009822455,0.00002702362,0.000006846169,0.00002196005,0.09445467,0.003478452,0.9005643,0.0005681906],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.006004204,0.000356591,0.00000584596,0.000006309763,0.000162606,0.0004473776,0.00004793482,0.0001024205,0.9928667],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.07256237,0.0001215711,0.0000726428,0.0001051782,0.0001057116,0.000005638487,0.00002093118,0.00006632292,0.9269396],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8918287,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999046,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05321075815382192,"score_gpt":0.2640672580752411,"score_spread":0.2108564999214191,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}