{"id":"W4206482013","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1093324","title":"Investments in Pharmaceuticals Before and after Trips: How Public Policy, Technology and Globalization Shaped Drug Development","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Biotechnology and Related Fields","field":"Medicine","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"TRIPS architecture; Globalization; Business; Economic growth; Drug development; Public policy; Development studies; Public administration; Public economics; Drug; Development economics; Political science; International trade; Economics; Medicine; Engineering; Law; Pharmacology; Transport engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004859543,0.0002629559,0.00031922,0.001319339,0.002054176,0.008149697,0.0006544009,0.003231113,0.01121763],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009045523,0.0002500151,0.0004874581,0.001657722,0.004816139,0.005934916,0.003496876,0.00364076,0.0003829802],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0116587,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01060638,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02130116,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02893258,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974489,0.0007551847,0.00005791781,0.0002043556,0.0003272021,0.00120643],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9932861,0.003509381,0.0006464446,0.0003438361,0.0009311204,0.001283141],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006320451,0.0003087079,0.026879,0.0002150331,0.00008074567,0.0007306981,0.005313607,0.003711123,0.001569992,0.8831281,0.01148652,0.06594446],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002358359,0.0005182859,0.1139348,0.0008647846,0.000275529,0.000436292,0.03369572,0.005222097,0.005751071,0.4200262,0.4188198,0.0002195945],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5671706,0.004136542,0.004569056,0.1265397,0.0004761508,0.0001058821,0.0005394029,0.00004598021,0.2964168],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9882292,0.00102298,0.0002856701,0.003812861,0.00007632,0.00001778136,0.00004919504,0.00001238294,0.006493545],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02130116,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0845902,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008340820032314745,"score_gpt":0.2794763970313919,"score_spread":0.2711355769990771,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}