{"id":"W4210364239","doi":"10.1029/2021ja030004","title":"Space‐Ground Observations of Dynamics of Substorm Onset Beads","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics","topic":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Substorm; Plasma sheet; Ion; Electric field; Physics; Electron; Plasma; Atomic physics; Current sheet; Wavelength; Ionosphere; Computational physics; Magnetosphere; Geophysics; Optics; Magnetohydrodynamics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008935618,0.0002101212,0.000625837,0.0001018784,0.0002982379,0.00003576469,0.0007242015,0.00004191993,0.0002656287],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006573019,0.0002047668,0.0004801895,0.001299529,0.0003405472,0.0003547868,0.0004258985,0.001330755,0.000006974065],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003257262,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008029446,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002080754,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005525312,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966621,0.0003187229,0.0006558012,0.0002097558,0.001641513,0.0005121529],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9965027,0.00074484,0.0007756607,0.0004542782,0.001327912,0.0001946223],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004551251,0.004154868,0.03517688,0.0001221245,0.0005698508,0.0000209016,0.001096149,0.005374072,0.01614794,0.9141247,0.005516776,0.01724062],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007452738,0.01054922,0.1655011,0.0004052774,0.0006209026,0.00003301256,0.03792526,0.09160503,0.01573136,0.6508752,0.0174339,0.001867011],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9896808,0.00006144949,0.005212695,0.0009972878,0.0002463561,0.0002350631,0.0002646541,0.000006602589,0.003295048],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961678,0.00001456393,0.001597754,0.0000109701,0.0005020803,0.00001437247,0.00006552164,0.0000396417,0.001587256],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2632495,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8350145,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03667736106268364,"score_gpt":0.3131403605713689,"score_spread":0.2764629995086852,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}