{"id":"W4210508008","doi":"10.1016/j.patter.2021.100392","title":"In medicine, how do we machine learn anything real?","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Patterns","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Vector Institute; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Psychology; Data science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006753163,0.0007872015,0.001794873,0.002369469,0.0009881849,0.004838808,0.001536238,0.004547879,0.004104794],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01498015,0.0004873768,0.0007453933,0.002478477,0.008101935,0.009797532,0.001729989,0.007456386,0.002704029],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002418691,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005279806,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003543465,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003451464,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9961005,0.002153254,0.0002534962,0.0004310282,0.0008914007,0.0001702117],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9899035,0.008055313,0.0003985553,0.0004378247,0.0009131796,0.0002918213],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009037325,0.00005739046,0.0007708439,0.01542222,0.0003151702,0.0001411101,0.001052955,0.0007315958,0.0003219453,0.174649,0.1054806,0.7009667],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001840609,0.00005346977,0.0006364009,0.009156442,0.00008667231,0.0003238599,0.0005055279,0.0001607481,0.0001494627,0.1360915,0.8527808,0.00003677066],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001252401,0.9559441,0.001146337,0.03851712,0.00135034,0.000006250502,0.00003154455,0.00001100742,0.002868085],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.006391118,0.9711879,0.00153945,0.01645687,0.003165883,0.00003143357,0.00004592153,0.0000144075,0.001167066],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9932469,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03571457,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3747968396511593,"score_gpt":0.501776739558127,"score_spread":0.1269798999069677,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}