{"id":"W4212974703","doi":"10.1139/as-2020-0058","title":"Winters are changing: snow effects on Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Arctic Science","topic":"Climate change and permafrost","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":167,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University; University of British Columbia","funders":"Australian Research Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Framsenteret; Nordenskiöld-samfundet; ArcticNet; Vetenskapsrådet; Kempestiftelserna; Oskar Öflunds Stiftelse; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Senter for Internasjonalisering av Utdanning; National Research Foundation of Korea; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Natural Environment Research Council; Vlaamse regering; Norges Forskningsråd; Qatar Petroleum; Academy of Finland; Polar Knowledge Canada; Division of Environmental Biology; Grantová Agentura České Republiky; Oulun Yliopisto; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica; National Research Foundation; Sight Research UK; Kempe Foundation; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz; Helsingin Yliopisto; European Commission; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Snow; Tundra; Snowmelt; Environmental science; Ecosystem; Biome; Permafrost; Physical geography; Snow field; Meltwater; Ecology; Biogeochemical cycle; Growing season; Vegetation (pathology); Atmospheric sciences; Snow cover; Geography; Geology; Biology; Meteorology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007787006,0.0001333792,0.0001525506,0.0002889528,0.0009925051,0.0001369455,0.0003716719,0.00001603181,0.002174712],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001647342,0.0001144781,0.00003389708,0.0008722695,0.0002227261,0.0002429466,0.00009509046,0.0001635936,0.0001465499],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003391771,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004000729,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00191385,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002054443,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982995,0.00007098877,0.0001255121,0.000438578,0.0005434172,0.0005219488],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999063,0.0003880674,0.00008021006,0.0002434818,0.00003137447,0.0001939297],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005034935,0.0000304507,0.9845752,0.0002143073,0.00001016841,0.0001160301,0.003569251,0.0004075577,0.001154872,0.0001365023,0.0004747848,0.009260518],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007400026,0.001294851,0.9550103,0.0004117447,0.00002775177,0.0004910231,0.006444944,0.02406975,0.0008265213,0.0005597435,0.009541595,0.0005817877],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9950409,0.0003580555,0.000004315104,0.001579786,0.001425136,0.0002207923,0.0001189672,0.00003427531,0.001217762],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976938,0.00003781802,0.00001701824,0.001823004,0.0001343872,0.000007739776,0.00005423032,0.000003892823,0.0002280953],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02956492,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987375,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02327489453343712,"score_gpt":0.2283809150055094,"score_spread":0.2051060204720723,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}