{"id":"W4220711675","doi":"10.1038/s41588-022-01016-z","title":"Polygenic prediction of educational attainment within and between families from genome-wide association analyses in 3 million individuals","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Genetics","topic":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":689,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University; University of Toronto","funders":"National Health and Medical Research Council; Australian Research Council; Medical Research Council; National Institute of Mental Health; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Oulun Yliopisto; Department of Education and Training; Riksbankens Jubileumsfond; Vetenskapsrådet; Genome Canada; Lundbeckfonden; Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam; University of South Australia; University of Queensland; National Institutes of Health; Open Philanthropy Project; Netherlands Heart Institute; Imperial College London; Ontario Genomics Institute; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Li Ka Shing Foundation; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen; National Institute on Aging; Pershing Square Foundation; Economic and Social Research Council; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; School of Public Health, Imperial College London; Ontario Genomics; Ragnar Söderbergs stiftelse; Government of Canada","keywords":"Genome-wide association study; Biology; Single-nucleotide polymorphism; Genetics; Genetic association; Genome; Multifactorial Inheritance; Genotype; Gene","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004670285,0.0001181196,0.0002085306,0.0001242131,0.0001021345,0.000007161332,0.0001354355,0.0003003442,0.00003199661],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004511646,0.0001290867,0.00005635061,0.0001896097,0.00002936001,0.000002363574,0.0001725262,0.0002651895,7.158671e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001261793,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001152315,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007246018,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007179658,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986262,0.0002522682,0.0004000804,0.00030233,0.0002465182,0.0001726067],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999186,0.0001928074,0.0003274329,0.0001822641,0.00006928771,0.00004223265],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008140618,0.00004271086,0.9831812,0.00000414529,0.0001359447,7.419513e-8,0.000218224,0.002037037,0.01338734,0.000003279709,0.000803612,0.0001782451],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003554937,0.000148039,0.9927039,0.000002627337,0.00006605412,4.477784e-7,0.0004034805,0.00008183759,0.002568136,0.0007611673,0.00280934,0.00009945976],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.990757,0.00719235,0.00006273131,0.0007452889,0.0001823522,0.0001672176,0.0008167182,0.000002914455,0.00007342829],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9944488,0.0006982986,0.002013072,0.000326193,0.0002022289,0.0000361068,0.002120791,0.00001240747,0.0001420969],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0108192,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5264003,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01431886919613187,"score_gpt":0.2884911903171365,"score_spread":0.2741723211210046,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}