{"id":"W4220783042","doi":"10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110379","title":"Water flooding of sandstone oil reservoirs: Underlying mechanisms in imbibition vs. drainage displacement","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering","topic":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Imbibition; Petroleum engineering; Viscosity; Water injection (oil production); Wetting; Geotechnical engineering; Surface tension; Enhanced oil recovery; Emulsion; Rheology; Geology; Porous medium; Micromodel; Materials science; Chemistry; Porosity; Composite material; Thermodynamics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001792585,0.0001098133,0.000215,0.0007843517,0.0000913839,0.00004046811,0.0002375047,0.0000238098,0.00001933927],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004468549,0.00009902621,0.00004227347,0.000407533,0.00003391651,0.0005858479,0.0001145272,0.0003166354,2.351671e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004041859,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003031162,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007395953,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000331558,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986164,0.00001281791,0.0003860546,0.0001118484,0.0005701855,0.0003026819],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996812,0.00003178359,0.00006475452,0.0001006011,0.00005281964,0.0000687823],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001081897,0.000009996232,0.00002612873,0.00007453698,0.000005400861,0.0000140685,0.0003359363,0.3542239,0.6444156,0.0002936761,0.000008687018,0.0005812721],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009124933,0.0005925788,0.001154989,0.0004564858,0.0000208086,0.0001805635,0.001327403,0.3176655,0.6755481,0.001241464,0.0005399605,0.0003596733],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9736858,0.0001848963,0.025239,0.00006896251,0.0003092054,0.00002281069,0.000001909268,0.0000398368,0.0004475524],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995898,0.0001060539,0.003924093,0.000009742591,0.00001939287,0.000008674656,5.165174e-7,0.00001636505,0.00001714584],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03655844,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4038171,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009546688254171555,"score_gpt":0.2245546511720458,"score_spread":0.2150079629178742,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}