{"id":"W4221103426","doi":"10.1111/1467-8268.12626","title":"What drives demand for private tutoring in the Middle East and North Africa region? Evidence from a Youth Survey","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"African Development Review","topic":"Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Lethbridge","funders":"","keywords":"Empirical evidence; Middle East; Probit model; Ordered probit; Economic growth; Survey data collection; Probit; Political science; Economics; Demographic economics; Geography; Business; Development economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00104324,0.0001440905,0.0002188036,0.0007613139,0.0002728062,0.0007685939,0.0003000571,0.0002738034,0.002099493],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003279019,0.0001289948,0.0002207829,0.001889767,0.0002585775,0.000502183,0.0004910355,0.0003852337,0.0002239927],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005615103,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007540387,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03820223,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.05164684,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993677,0.0002886412,0.00004993814,0.00006526941,0.0000650544,0.0001634631],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973124,0.0008029743,0.001213681,0.00005281251,0.0002744209,0.0003436985],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002258961,0.00003282659,0.9917151,0.00009046501,0.00003275404,0.000107143,0.001568194,0.0000517176,0.00004923951,0.0002777956,0.000591626,0.005460519],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002575305,0.00002115562,0.9908925,0.0001409159,0.0000220283,0.00004794728,0.00720961,0.0001321747,0.00004096848,0.00006361974,0.0014237,0.00000276165],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962782,0.001441163,0.00004134673,0.0005070653,0.000007262901,0.000005659526,0.0007698996,0.000001147976,0.0009482272],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982849,0.001092403,0.00003284235,0.00004651491,0.000007322056,0.000007236862,0.0003112651,7.592673e-7,0.0002166422],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03820223,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07595974,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2982356465548628,"score_gpt":0.3320718888459621,"score_spread":0.03383624229109933,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}