{"id":"W4223889261","doi":"10.1016/j.ijindorg.2022.102841","title":"R&amp;D competition and the direction of innovation","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Industrial Organization","topic":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Social planner; Competition (biology); Subsidy; Context (archaeology); Distortion (music); Economics; Industrial organization; Ex-ante; Value (mathematics); Planner; Value creation; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Microeconomics; Business; Market economy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001048926,0.00004563046,0.0001540688,0.0003139271,0.00007542983,0.00003724572,0.0001773266,0.00003137278,0.0006608929],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007657792,0.00004326996,0.00002865013,0.0004540346,0.00005202231,0.0001668342,0.00006916455,0.0001861747,0.000005761821],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001298021,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004376263,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003767983,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001257658,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990042,0.00004108646,0.0007720464,0.00006352353,0.00007211468,0.00004697568],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983943,0.00007680754,0.001146431,0.00004707729,0.0003188494,0.00001654477],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002102533,0.00007223623,0.02680122,0.000001675465,0.0001255617,6.292711e-7,0.0004247938,0.001162186,0.0004475732,0.9661969,0.002377598,0.002179398],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.02299127,0.0003516137,0.01743096,0.00004842561,0.0000700514,0.0004262915,0.0004848588,0.002778213,0.005670419,0.2159965,0.7333011,0.0004502898],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9707105,0.0002177145,0.005246647,0.01805855,0.003289118,0.0001346253,0.0001230773,0.00000657024,0.002213227],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986698,0.0001303345,0.00006256388,0.000551269,0.0004855102,0.000001402074,0.00003255174,0.000007695491,0.00005887675],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7502003,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7236314,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07693062535061311,"score_gpt":0.2816455778385309,"score_spread":0.2047149524879178,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}