{"id":"W4224277562","doi":"10.1101/2022.04.18.22273968","title":"Coding Long COVID: Characterizing a new disease through an ICD-10 lens","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"medRxiv","topic":"Long-Term Effects of COVID-19","field":"Medicine","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California, Irvine; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston University; South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina; Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic; Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute; Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Massachusetts; University of Colorado Denver; Center for Clinical and Translational Research; Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; University of California, Irvine; Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute; University of California, Davis; Weill Cornell Medical College; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; National Institutes of Health; University of California, San Francisco; Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science Center; Tufts Medical Center; Institute of Translational Health Sciences; Children's National Hospital; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Translational Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; NorthShore University HealthSystem; Southern California Clinical and Translational Science Institute; University at Buffalo; University of Rochester; Aurora Health Care; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Research Institute; University of Miami; University of South Carolina; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Pennsylvania State University; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research; University of Cincinnati; Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences; University of Texas Medical Branch; University of California, San Diego; Johns Hopkins University; University of California, Los Angeles; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; University of Washington; Frontiers Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Kansas; Loyola University Chicago; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Washington University in St. Louis; University of Michigan; University of Southern California; Harvard Catalyst; University of Minnesota; University of Pennsylvania; George Washington University; Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research; University of Utah; Children's Hospital Colorado; York University; Northwestern University; Vanderbilt University; Accelerated Innovation Research Initiative Turning Top Science and Ideas into High-Impact Values; University of Chicago; Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance; Irving Medical Center, Columbia University; Virginia Commonwealth University; Tulane University; Brown University; Rush University; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Penn State Clinical and Translational Science Institute; Ohio State University; Carilion Clinic","keywords":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak; Coding (social sciences); Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); Disease; Infectious disease (medical specialty); Virology; Medicine; Mathematics; Statistics; Outbreak; Internal medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008481985,0.0007702481,0.001168206,0.0003158347,0.0003297385,0.0001904378,0.0008585957,0.0003154348,0.005418889],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002078077,0.0007711154,0.0005200971,0.0002807518,0.0001408484,0.000540613,0.001722531,0.001793258,0.0002004886],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007517089,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002458154,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004209122,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000339211,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9953635,0.0004209557,0.0007129518,0.001557962,0.001123096,0.0008215369],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9950408,0.0005549451,0.0004966534,0.002370891,0.00009846661,0.001438199],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002397871,0.0008136143,0.9483582,0.01007995,0.000690955,0.0124009,0.004593438,0.0002999101,0.01016461,0.001042764,0.007203068,0.001954727],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004337607,0.0006390656,0.7590916,0.002591075,0.001718063,0.0001429722,0.0001228362,0.0007829417,0.001000688,0.001363544,0.2263647,0.001844928],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9684801,0.001235267,0.001914626,0.02101175,0.002111078,0.002454443,0.0001622912,0.000869026,0.001761468],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9743341,0.0006092514,0.001250883,0.0142879,0.002709305,0.0003505987,0.001775734,0.0002851336,0.004397075],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2191617,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999474,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04835838114637993,"score_gpt":0.3440946325539762,"score_spread":0.2957362514075963,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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