{"id":"W4225079548","doi":"10.5539/elt.v15n2p78","title":"The Use of Metadiscourse by Saudi and British Authors: A Focus on Applied Linguistics Discipline","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"English Language Teaching","topic":"Translation Studies and Practices","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Metadiscourse; Psychology; Linguistics; Focus (optics); Applied linguistics; Corpus linguistics; Computational linguistics; Physics; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002784902,0.0002233753,0.0002687315,0.004483836,0.001495383,0.004232751,0.0003524394,0.0005126521,0.002386553],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0155923,0.0001980792,0.0001580569,0.00582979,0.001374139,0.00266594,0.001760406,0.0004903976,0.0007205643],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001636106,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001929161,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01563042,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03530861,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9967762,0.001216011,0.0004229074,0.0002835167,0.001091945,0.0002094392],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9810173,0.00932185,0.00349538,0.001011198,0.00427962,0.0008746554],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004576519,0.00007352369,0.2298123,0.0008900292,0.0000497556,0.001589168,0.579935,0.00007219733,0.008658719,0.005088538,0.001511995,0.1718612],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002031587,0.0001824012,0.3543978,0.0008231378,0.0001271705,0.003489307,0.510648,0.0005813103,0.005932614,0.00137565,0.1223101,0.0001122094],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9863446,0.002576257,0.0005735254,0.0003511147,0.00003493513,0.00001123177,0.0001195036,0.00001832341,0.009970603],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947501,0.001596544,0.0007988106,0.0001157573,0.00001714587,0.000007970049,0.0001302696,0.00002407506,0.002559243],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01563042,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03107888,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03044286768884602,"score_gpt":0.2669044032385375,"score_spread":0.2364615355496915,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}