{"id":"W4226083230","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.13.011048","title":"Population of Merging Compact Binaries Inferred Using Gravitational Waves through GWTC-3","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review X","topic":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":884,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto; Université de Montréal; Polytechnique Montréal; University of British Columbia","funders":"Ministerio de Universidades; National Research, Development and Innovation Office; Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo; Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap; Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Science and Engineering Research Board; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Australian Research Council; Great Southern Development Commission, Government of Western Australia; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Govern de les Illes Balears; European Regional Development Fund; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research; Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea; Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal; National Research Foundation; Vlaamse regering; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; Ministry of Education, India; Conseil Régional, Île-de-France; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Narodowe Centrum Nauki; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Research Foundation of Korea; Division of Human Resource Development; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Hungarian Scientific Research Fund; Generalitat de Catalunya; Generalitat Valenciana; Kavli Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana; Russian Foundation for Basic Research; High Energy Accelerator Research Organization; Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee; Centres de Recerca de Catalunya; Institut des Origines de Lyon; Research Corporation for Science Advancement; Russian Science Foundation; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; Scottish Funding Council; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej; Academia Sinica; Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; National Science Foundation; European Social Fund; Royal Society; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","keywords":"Gravitational wave; Physics; Population; Gravitation; Astronomy; Astrophysics; Computational physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005749547,0.0002335597,0.0003563595,0.001743946,0.0004716698,0.001097133,0.0003666528,0.0002839137,0.001094233],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001559763,0.0001981052,0.0002728384,0.001511814,0.0002428825,0.0005070778,0.0008469574,0.0003269768,0.000478612],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007702759,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002881237,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01168887,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01973408,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997863,0.00001357111,0.0000144244,0.00006783471,0.0000657098,0.00005216149],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984525,0.0002377398,0.0006771286,0.0001435911,0.0001936841,0.0002953206],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002680228,0.00004477074,0.9803052,0.00001911249,0.00006902149,0.00008526196,0.0002457872,0.001001006,0.009121406,0.0002992301,0.0005120594,0.008029107],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006997605,0.00002983796,0.9943475,0.000005240589,0.00001998505,0.0001138252,0.00005823388,0.002979642,0.001731907,0.00009907966,0.000599108,0.000008572345],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9974318,0.00009906752,0.0002991523,0.00001327497,0.000002049452,0.000009750656,0.001362486,0.00004975939,0.0007326604],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9941194,0.00004900009,0.0004403998,0.00001497443,0.000005697441,0.00001165059,0.005095636,0.00002162087,0.0002416769],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01168887,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02324164,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06529594127952333,"score_gpt":0.4622763181757275,"score_spread":0.3969803768962041,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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