{"id":"W4226083230","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.13.011048","title":"Population of Merging Compact Binaries Inferred Using Gravitational Waves through GWTC-3","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review X","topic":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":884,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto; Université de Montréal; Polytechnique Montréal; University of British Columbia","funders":"Ministerio de Universidades; National Research, Development and Innovation Office; Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo; Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap; Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Science and Engineering Research Board; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Australian Research Council; Great Southern Development Commission, Government of Western Australia; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Govern de les Illes Balears; European Regional Development Fund; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research; Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea; Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal; National Research Foundation; Vlaamse regering; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; Ministry of Education, India; Conseil Régional, Île-de-France; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Narodowe Centrum Nauki; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Research Foundation of Korea; Division of Human Resource Development; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Hungarian Scientific Research Fund; Generalitat de Catalunya; Generalitat Valenciana; Kavli Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana; Russian Foundation for Basic Research; High Energy Accelerator Research Organization; Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee; Centres de Recerca de Catalunya; Institut des Origines de Lyon; Research Corporation for Science Advancement; Russian Science Foundation; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; Scottish Funding Council; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej; Academia Sinica; Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; National Science Foundation; European Social Fund; Royal Society; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","keywords":"Gravitational wave; Physics; Population; Gravitation; Astronomy; Astrophysics; Computational physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001337449,0.0001114223,0.0003205154,0.00004839111,0.0001014618,0.00001992258,0.0001023054,0.00000911293,0.00007175003],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004617222,0.00009429087,0.0001734585,0.0005900051,0.0000588718,0.0002179666,0.00004101471,0.00009311824,0.00005254172],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001573175,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003962618,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001431688,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.485692e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989765,0.00007449725,0.0002452448,0.0001544392,0.0003561366,0.0001932325],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993648,0.000233336,0.0001190536,0.0001277008,0.0001105177,0.00004459322],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002386068,0.0003927448,0.0456338,0.001457579,0.0002280914,0.000002225073,0.0008292604,0.00388565,0.02126093,0.9182896,0.001495004,0.006501268],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002036525,0.00003471098,0.1080358,0.0008242158,0.00005382461,1.880735e-7,0.00007934304,0.01587326,0.0005316682,0.8730587,0.001124227,0.0001804343],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962497,0.0009659131,0.000201962,0.0006490576,0.00006200486,0.0003032126,0.0002920781,0.00001526935,0.00126075],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981633,0.0001254511,0.0003517182,0.0000404399,0.0001563456,0.000008335772,0.0009190143,0.00001248882,0.0002228747],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06240196,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.384507,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06529594127952333,"score_gpt":0.4622763181757275,"score_spread":0.3969803768962041,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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