{"id":"W4226401400","doi":"10.1891/jfcp-2021-0049","title":"Has Financial Knowledge Increased in the United States?","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning","topic":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Overconfidence effect; Finance; Knowledge level; Formal education; Business; Psychology; Economics; Actuarial science; Demographic economics; Social psychology; Mathematics education","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001038277,0.0001523211,0.0002469045,0.001532167,0.0008141304,0.002069954,0.0005609407,0.00183817,0.005073443],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005793475,0.0001799806,0.000451093,0.002177871,0.0007755657,0.001838079,0.001124867,0.001877886,0.0003578499],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001758174,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002190531,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.14624,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.2076118,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992859,0.0001759183,0.00005881471,0.00009710185,0.0001043523,0.000277912],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9938776,0.001233578,0.002065222,0.0001456652,0.001217109,0.001460868],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000940131,0.0002338383,0.9828147,0.00004930848,0.00004206535,0.0001569936,0.0007770318,0.00004242622,0.0000394662,0.000216642,0.003888086,0.01164556],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005561941,0.00003318943,0.9955944,0.00008486437,0.00002426093,0.00005904498,0.002307429,0.0000787311,0.00003170693,0.0000775334,0.001697289,0.000005906815],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9694679,0.002404029,0.00003493443,0.01744876,0.0001610958,0.00001100394,0.002391476,0.00001118229,0.008069592],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995513,0.001008992,0.00003600001,0.001798635,0.0001037269,0.000008562804,0.0007045885,0.000002902299,0.0008235169],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.14624,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2907776,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02606261818571266,"score_gpt":0.2474389251247044,"score_spread":0.2213763069389918,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}