{"id":"W4230516020","doi":"10.3138/cpp.36.3.307","title":"Taxation and R&amp;D: An Investigation of the Push and Pull Effects","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Public Policy","topic":"Innovation Policy and R&D","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Elasticity (physics); Economics; Subsidy; Panel data; Econometrics; Physics; Thermodynamics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003078929,0.00006686234,0.0001033529,0.0005003034,0.000159968,0.00007922031,0.0001107205,0.0001041263,0.00003189213],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006987905,0.00006417406,0.00001472919,0.0004536761,0.000164711,0.0002994734,0.0000182307,0.0001278321,0.00001190851],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004656921,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000327246,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1589069,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.2121894,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999427,0.00001408353,0.0002022991,0.0001436356,0.00001841936,0.0001946232],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992432,0.00002045671,0.0002376342,0.0002231836,0.00003885641,0.0002366621],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[2.578814e-7,0.000002042154,0.1124617,0.00001279139,0.000004011571,4.888559e-8,0.0003428099,1.106173e-7,0.0002761249,0.8845834,0.0007053656,0.001611333],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000173096,0.0000114252,0.8097574,0.000003325254,0.000001310469,0.000006119605,0.000008237075,0.0001228284,0.0001971517,0.1173694,0.07225424,0.00009552179],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9769912,0.00004815069,0.00001420961,0.01637214,0.000188831,0.000124309,0.00009673186,0.000007614366,0.006156854],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9958271,0.000007851098,0.0001166113,0.003333973,0.0001914668,0.000008898081,0.00001942222,0.000008882328,0.0004858088],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.767214,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.846694,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02534612328031701,"score_gpt":0.2155356693583844,"score_spread":0.1901895460780674,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}