{"id":"W4231313047","doi":"10.1080/10920277.2010.10597601","title":"“A Direct Approach to the Discounted Penalty Function”, Hansjörg Albrecher, Hans U. Gerber, and Hailiang Yang, Volume 14, No. 4, 2010","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"North American Actuarial Journal","topic":"Probability and Risk Models","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Volume (thermodynamics); Mathematical economics; Mathematics; Penalty method; Function (biology); Economics; Applied mathematics; Physics; Thermodynamics; Mathematical optimization","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003835404,0.001390014,0.0013468,0.001004404,0.0007875545,0.002292933,0.002441803,0.001974626,0.01388253],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009888788,0.0008807778,0.001323894,0.001304968,0.00178548,0.00364421,0.00232175,0.003782316,0.003029423],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001527476,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001457045,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003639016,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005403826,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985057,0.0008376186,0.00004755576,0.0001570901,0.0003907876,0.00006122006],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99812,0.001197367,0.00008108498,0.0001200928,0.0003876022,0.00009380707],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001221392,0.00007203122,0.0004084822,0.000335088,0.0001152032,0.0001705303,0.00009998913,0.1202393,0.0007028533,0.6661114,0.07556029,0.1360626],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002618016,0.00003102902,0.000208419,0.0001173326,0.00003742021,0.0001609194,0.00002400958,0.4885798,0.0006297876,0.4706328,0.03950646,0.00004592759],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.001488737,0.006320484,0.9787861,0.004005041,0.001251087,0.00002916373,0.00007615431,0.00007763707,0.007965571],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.126763,0.01598426,0.7613657,0.00219114,0.005172239,0.0002914935,0.0003576635,0.000811452,0.08706307],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01388253,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04644173,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04334057596573511,"score_gpt":0.3075189338014988,"score_spread":0.2641783578357637,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}