{"id":"W4233383069","doi":"10.2136/vzj2003.1540","title":"Surfactant‐Induced Flow Phenomena in the Vadose Zone: A Review of Data and Numerical Modeling","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Vadose Zone Journal","topic":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Pulmonary surfactant; Surface tension; Vadose zone; Porous medium; Flow (mathematics); Hydraulic conductivity; Mechanics; Capillary action; Chemistry; Materials science; Geotechnical engineering; Chemical engineering; Porosity; Environmental science; Thermodynamics; Geology; Soil science; Composite material; Soil water; Engineering; Groundwater; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002787452,0.0004047482,0.001462983,0.00009336949,0.0002044463,0.00008506779,0.001041172,0.0001146352,0.0004741803],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008004931,0.0002414241,0.0001976983,0.0005671555,0.00007884474,0.0003967544,0.0005414999,0.0008081182,0.00005850556],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001634112,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008126569,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007179837,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002189359,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9964424,0.0007713475,0.001211968,0.0004753247,0.0007177104,0.0003812933],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984558,0.0001521706,0.0005436331,0.0007085352,0.00002560952,0.0001143083],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002498596,0.00009096557,0.00003188375,0.003134914,0.00006401163,0.00003456761,0.0002307597,0.00001099577,0.000001083781,0.000002953114,0.0007811254,0.9956142],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003033487,0.00006045672,0.00002659433,0.01579936,0.0005009889,0.0006349863,0.0001416138,0.002024081,8.533088e-8,0.00001112229,0.9801675,0.0003298782],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00009752953,0.9845149,0.01424081,0.000144061,0.0001379126,0.000499446,0.00003386675,0.000006045429,0.000325462],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000247451,0.9977002,0.001381185,0.0002669652,0.00009611826,0.00002000422,0.00002988098,0.00002880461,0.0002294188],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9952844,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9844991,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0994074949839087,"score_gpt":0.3260619276291327,"score_spread":0.226654432645224,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}