{"id":"W4234264761","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-824372-5.00001-4","title":"Thermodynamic fundamentals","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"Global Energy and Sustainability Research","field":"Energy","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University","funders":"","keywords":"Exergy; Thermodynamics; Entropy (arrow of time); Laws of thermodynamics; Second law of thermodynamics; Thermodynamic free energy; Thermodynamic system; Physics; Theoretical physics; Statistical physics; Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002049756,0.001015999,0.0009373588,0.001091381,0.0008395143,0.001374305,0.001017134,0.0007938259,0.07459487],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003373626,0.0005323325,0.0004458349,0.001561345,0.0009047528,0.001990736,0.001537852,0.001684352,0.03924882],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007764369,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005987104,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001363488,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002263057,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998103,0.000018366,0.000008449291,0.000039117,0.000108454,0.00001536193],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999404,0.00001243219,0.00000302736,0.00001734599,0.00002120916,0.000005674958],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001767941,0.00004612612,0.0001461541,0.0004555311,0.00001372212,0.00009583191,0.0001718713,0.003737819,0.00417455,0.4982888,0.1828178,0.3100341],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002784091,0.00001038225,0.0001753824,0.00009216135,0.00000342933,0.0001242755,0.00002801594,0.001653833,0.001363368,0.120337,0.8762003,0.000009081558],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.001399288,0.03225316,0.03000672,0.00154477,0.001754588,0.00004575517,0.0007952225,0.0008292856,0.9313712],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01948632,0.01744052,0.01088232,0.0005520868,0.0005808864,0.0001324777,0.001014234,0.0006121829,0.949299],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.07459487,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2495447,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01769226103462522,"score_gpt":0.2577364787882283,"score_spread":0.240044217753603,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}