{"id":"W4234348119","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3316332","title":"U.S. Patent Sales by Universities and Research Institutes","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Intellectual Property and Patents","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Commercialization; Business; Quarter (Canadian coin); Accounting; Marketing; Intellectual property; Technology transfer; Political science; International trade","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001332186,0.0001004175,0.0001079611,0.0002238089,0.0003941964,0.0002539413,0.0002139867,0.00005286827,0.0001947323],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002889466,0.00007807743,0.0000372782,0.0002128684,0.00008089204,0.0008888397,0.0001245294,0.001119007,0.0009283858],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002430678,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003356485,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005834324,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002228936,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981897,0.00002539482,0.000117893,0.0001514979,0.0002841399,0.001231401],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996492,0.00003394317,0.00005499048,0.00007992359,0.0001694488,0.00001247061],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006077568,0.0001838106,0.02853829,0.0001773418,0.0003308141,0.00001883508,0.0005766959,0.00004691362,0.004133875,0.9151857,0.02118558,0.0290144],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002803565,0.0004542992,0.00137815,0.0002155353,0.00007062366,0.0001867107,0.03549087,0.001836211,0.0003601882,0.240985,0.7154609,0.000757916],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9753032,0.002476137,0.00008599925,0.0008519974,0.0002107691,0.0001112981,7.526251e-7,0.0000245216,0.02093538],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.985501,0.001704704,0.000003827727,0.0002575243,0.0003153521,8.639752e-7,0.000009215042,0.00001314543,0.0121944],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6942753,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998495,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0912861954518529,"score_gpt":0.2431190091228562,"score_spread":0.1518328136710033,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}