{"id":"W4235765692","doi":"10.1002/9781118785317.weom080228","title":"Externalities","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"other","venue":"Wiley Encyclopedia of Management","topic":"Corporate Taxation and Avoidance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Externality; Business; Economics; Microeconomics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002166068,0.0002999034,0.0003528537,0.0005804322,0.00002596202,0.00006679179,0.000425178,0.0001014673,0.005766905],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002176672,0.0002874242,0.00008123183,0.0003463474,0.00006736672,0.000197147,0.0003230578,0.00009937213,0.001932657],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000243631,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001866893,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005487631,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000235468,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985802,0.000008273848,0.0003416974,0.000328178,0.0005100101,0.0002315971],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986146,0.000006687901,0.0008240163,0.0004544163,0.00008315682,0.00001714023],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008323323,0.00005292695,0.0003020996,0.0009240561,0.00006094215,0.00002091038,0.00001257015,0.000004684269,4.088922e-7,0.01745254,0.9699493,0.01121124],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003595557,0.000004361906,0.0002413115,0.000574313,0.00009688735,2.767104e-7,0.0001157805,0.00001809705,4.114394e-7,0.00251927,0.9957612,0.0003085055],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.00004599095,0.001506418,0.0001048151,0.0001063835,0.001224692,0.0004166226,0.0000220473,0.0003070405,0.996266],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0002728484,0.002236429,0.0004952327,0.0005823915,0.00229833,0.0000456145,0.0001533173,0.0002801202,0.9936357],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02581194,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999578,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01500414463513283,"score_gpt":0.2166581173406859,"score_spread":0.201653972705553,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}