{"id":"W4239448467","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4939-7131-2_100945","title":"R&amp;D (Research and Development) Collaborations","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"","topic":"Innovation Policy and R&D","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Development (topology); Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005600647,0.0001341629,0.0002336014,0.0006131917,0.0002957673,0.00009784142,0.0001207538,0.0002679332,0.0158403],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000455304,0.000150249,0.00001664649,0.0001053088,0.000196939,0.00008379648,0.00009157258,0.0002230907,0.01655252],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008465745,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001202424,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002035057,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001791219,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989376,0.000002259444,0.0004886984,0.0003238477,0.00004403855,0.0002035265],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992445,0.00004151246,0.0001534026,0.0002354886,0.0002714667,0.00005365016],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000165923,0.000006090877,0.000049132,0.0000112738,0.00002782888,2.864357e-7,0.0002578559,3.919295e-8,4.07172e-7,0.8910891,0.108407,0.0001492934],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007448014,0.00001445636,0.00007253661,0.000008552242,4.354804e-7,0.000001008107,0.00000882117,0.000001588903,0.000008262085,0.2777371,0.7219356,0.0001372061],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002067962,0.0004504776,0.0005522238,0.0005783303,0.0001794146,0.0001645944,0.0001394061,0.00002748227,0.9977013],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001150108,0.000164089,0.003318926,0.0004077653,0.0002860381,0.00001300279,0.0001168374,0.0000313341,0.9945119],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6135285,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9850594,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3231457488017337,"score_gpt":0.3293753169380297,"score_spread":0.006229568136295938,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}