{"id":"W4244107719","doi":"10.1002/j.2325-8012.2003.tb00576.x","title":"An Empty Promise: Average Cost Savings and Scale Economies among Canadian and American Manufacturers, 1910‐1988","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Southern Economic Journal","topic":"Global trade and economics","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Economies of scale; Economics; Welfare; Volatility (finance); Convergence (economics); Scale (ratio); Production (economics); Goods and services; International economics; Economy; Macroeconomics; Econometrics; Microeconomics; Market economy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008285835,0.0003511762,0.0006762978,0.0003346319,0.0004845172,0.0007232851,0.0002929504,0.0001546308,0.0009479481],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002486698,0.0004194643,0.0001237074,0.00004633297,0.0003642513,0.0007399544,0.00003172475,0.000420593,0.0005924987],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006107338,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001404367,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03189341,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.08850875,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977311,0.00004116202,0.0008048945,0.000639477,0.00001872856,0.0007646344],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979902,0.00003000783,0.0006137718,0.0003497479,0.0000130635,0.001003215],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002068392,0.00002681376,0.9871907,0.00001015005,0.0001257247,0.00001398261,0.002411358,0.0005050921,0.000003723568,0.00644855,0.0005371861,0.002706026],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003894463,0.0004086499,0.6963981,0.00004190703,0.00005909647,0.001183736,0.01211297,0.003462079,0.00009867349,0.06271627,0.2172847,0.002339328],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9854765,0.0005608238,0.00005321816,0.0005152303,0.0005366685,0.0002610185,0.0006132456,0.00002476377,0.01195856],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997526,0.0005515914,0.0005011305,0.0005172009,0.0002129506,0.00001119323,0.00001278539,0.00006278948,0.0006042903],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2907926,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999653,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0151605412978687,"score_gpt":0.1883150617158643,"score_spread":0.1731545204179956,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}