{"id":"W4244928338","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.997576","title":"How Pervasive is Corporate Fraud?","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Securities Regulation and Market Practices","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Internet privacy; Computer security; Accounting; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005893429,0.0002618136,0.0006735656,0.005407444,0.002176356,0.01270488,0.0009481329,0.005808793,0.005700499],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07500454,0.0004232256,0.0004520568,0.003629235,0.01101893,0.01615452,0.003220327,0.005029187,0.000999534],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002233954,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002253154,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00346587,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004447212,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9922243,0.003272077,0.0004827413,0.001088442,0.002037931,0.0008944737],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9239956,0.04413876,0.01550018,0.003742298,0.008176027,0.004447188],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003232938,0.0004067457,0.3786524,0.0006068324,0.0003769037,0.0021098,0.01447316,0.0009522255,0.001012159,0.267223,0.03332964,0.3005338],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004203149,0.0001452917,0.1986595,0.001455561,0.0002374466,0.008172475,0.05138832,0.001884054,0.0007239409,0.6322892,0.1048901,0.0001119945],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5146534,0.02764919,0.00777926,0.3174529,0.001251208,0.00005311801,0.0005348723,0.0001026404,0.1305234],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9853448,0.005592733,0.000394986,0.005623013,0.00140916,0.000008622458,0.00006768914,0.00001829015,0.001540676],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01270488,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03116781,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01820812872899948,"score_gpt":0.22767366068414,"score_spread":0.2094655319551405,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}