{"id":"W4251964980","doi":"10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/01161-5","title":"Direct Reference","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"","keywords":"Section (typography); Epistemology; Proper noun; Philosophy; Linguistics; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005421648,0.001052195,0.0009359283,0.003325597,0.001879844,0.005116306,0.002052744,0.001746454,0.7852259],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002454462,0.0004104463,0.0006879548,0.00337463,0.0008905295,0.003040089,0.002497495,0.001590447,0.7273671],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00198566,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002106141,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007698542,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0145406,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994146,0.00005765617,0.00002216946,0.0001244904,0.0003284982,0.00005269648],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990771,0.0001102858,0.00002798289,0.0002352525,0.0004217381,0.0001276898],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001720826,0.00003038677,0.00006812674,0.0001963315,0.000002857478,0.00004140703,0.00007487777,0.00007132503,0.0003623507,0.01491503,0.8177114,0.1665088],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002108446,0.000004185921,0.0001059641,0.00006678003,0.000002039411,0.00003612118,0.00003589946,0.00002398912,0.0001119181,0.001787368,0.9978211,0.000002519115],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001553659,0.001104968,0.0008676975,0.0007513189,0.001645593,0.00005250731,0.0009787068,0.0005363086,0.9939075],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0005472781,0.0005795619,0.0003711887,0.00020438,0.0001543368,0.00001623392,0.0006227103,0.0001609723,0.9973434],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7852259,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3063491,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05136090506735525,"score_gpt":0.2174684790113409,"score_spread":0.1661075739439856,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}