{"id":"W4280593164","doi":"10.1111/jpy.13258","title":"Less Than the Sum of Its Parts: Blade Clustering Reduces Drag in the Bull Kelp,<i>Nereocystis luetkeana</i>(Phaeophyceae)","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Phycology","topic":"Marine and coastal plant biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University; University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Kelp; Drag; Thallus; Stipe (mycology); Biology; Holdfast; Drag coefficient; Botany; Ecology; Mechanics; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008849478,0.0001368688,0.0002412365,0.00008626916,0.0001807642,0.0003223932,0.0001816984,0.0001665449,0.0005302383],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001454979,0.0001673766,0.0001353082,0.00006920665,0.000191089,0.0002315718,0.0003972258,0.0003716879,0.00009222244],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001693563,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001410624,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0029527,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005598522,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999348,0.000006590574,0.000004468652,0.00002218231,0.0000171062,0.00001484593],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998802,0.00001970909,0.0000323056,0.00001242978,0.00001202617,0.00004333762],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001032236,0.00002305731,0.003770626,0.00002839277,0.0000139388,0.00003053583,0.0000484704,0.0001810254,0.9934221,0.00001935303,0.00003384625,0.002325356],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003779542,0.001091779,0.614637,0.00001923574,0.000082304,0.0003461907,0.0006645605,0.005337797,0.3752882,0.0001085243,0.002353149,0.00003340945],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9996288,0.00006713116,0.0001701767,0.00001254379,0.00000203341,0.000001411018,0.00001448642,0.000009071665,0.00009431901],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999116,0.00005422652,0.0004293443,0.00004702448,0.000001431827,0.000003980708,0.00004287536,0.000008149123,0.0002969039],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0029527,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005870998,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0208449890067705,"score_gpt":0.2217815306610303,"score_spread":0.2009365416542598,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}