{"id":"W4280613643","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.863991","title":"What Is a Language? Who Is Bilingual? Perceptions Underlying Self-Assessment in Studies of Bilingualism","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Psychology","topic":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Iowa State University","keywords":"Neuroscience of multilingualism; Psychology; Ambiguity; Cognition; Competence (human resources); Perception; Cognitive psychology; Categorical variable; Linguistics; Multilingualism; Linguistic competence; Developmental psychology; Social psychology; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006957191,0.0002430226,0.0003333989,0.001214833,0.001153836,0.002244286,0.0002609394,0.0005589882,0.0008644575],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0167083,0.000217626,0.0002823873,0.0004759725,0.004388068,0.001663514,0.001377144,0.0009920605,0.00009083912],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009556682,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006504349,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004365318,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005609185,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971659,0.001904066,0.0001383193,0.0002591428,0.0003915512,0.0001410072],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9898784,0.005783374,0.002251239,0.0003821396,0.0007776445,0.0009272103],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006612199,0.0002742318,0.5626226,0.0002394963,0.0001321977,0.0005763496,0.3895483,0.0002205533,0.01522329,0.002750842,0.000269725,0.0274812],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003598604,0.0003728176,0.7571818,0.0001425284,0.00005666811,0.0008619748,0.228112,0.0008636782,0.002860405,0.007171204,0.002248419,0.00009251384],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9976495,0.00025254,0.0003853277,0.0001482639,0.000007299804,0.000008797287,0.000006066548,0.000002086007,0.00154013],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999467,0.0001383891,0.0002080576,0.00004825386,0.000005324938,0.000007296842,0.000009374309,0.000001735131,0.0001145665],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006957191,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03679359,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06526808595808556,"score_gpt":0.4197134166845187,"score_spread":0.3544453307264331,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}