{"id":"W4280621377","doi":"10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01874","title":"Patents And Regulatory Exclusivities On Inhalers For Asthma And COPD, 1986–2020","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Health Affairs","topic":"Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery","field":"Medicine","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"National Institutes of Health; Arnold Ventures; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Gilead Sciences; Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts","keywords":"Inhaler; Brand names; Food and drug administration; Medicine; Asthma; Business; Pulmonary disease; Product (mathematics); COPD; Advertising; Marketing; Pharmacology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003533193,0.000109402,0.0002244241,0.0001103214,0.0004577956,0.00000915328,0.00002780904,0.00003875043,0.0001030307],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002771072,0.0001021658,0.00003728104,0.00008366862,0.00006505987,0.00003623772,0.00005693699,0.0001677339,0.000004416897],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001285659,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002038835,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001397033,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005529858,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989801,0.0000824012,0.0002174519,0.00024164,0.0002421298,0.000236245],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994385,0.00006395475,0.0000935654,0.0001371932,0.00003346449,0.0002333314],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.006784692,0.001207629,0.02645224,0.007718865,0.000288949,0.0003519015,0.02438046,0.0006753659,0.001359442,0.01273657,0.781362,0.1366819],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01581407,0.007707599,0.06064057,0.0004130551,0.00006190348,0.0005870641,0.04230451,0.006382105,0.000611526,0.0001951179,0.864512,0.0007704378],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9785265,0.003097593,0.00003472683,0.01401685,0.0005820381,0.001266242,0.00008735929,0.00009630973,0.002292328],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9896268,0.0001251006,0.0001310098,0.008396888,0.0001206959,0.00008509501,0.0000370181,0.0000227888,0.001454641],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1359114,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.41662,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02120979960994021,"score_gpt":0.280888792551691,"score_spread":0.2596789929417507,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}