{"id":"W4280648766","doi":"10.1108/pijpsm-11-2021-0157","title":"Race, police stops, and perceptions of anti-Black police discrimination in Toronto, Canada over a quarter century","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Policing An International Journal","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Police brutality; Criminology; Racism; Law enforcement; Community policing; Racial profiling; Mainstream; Political science; Race (biology); Sociology; Gender studies; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001104715,0.0002474468,0.0003269332,0.001973648,0.007834303,0.002757094,0.000948822,0.0004306998,0.002871082],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00389093,0.0003026645,0.000309394,0.004377959,0.00224881,0.0007861112,0.001759861,0.0009085758,0.000204644],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0778034,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.09199931,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9987625,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9994746,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99885,0.0001200588,0.00005164342,0.0001110146,0.0004523013,0.0004149466],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9952566,0.0002685522,0.001046514,0.0001015696,0.001969761,0.001357024],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007607805,0.00004380865,0.9178089,0.0001103636,0.00003499839,0.0001576685,0.05885271,0.0001373454,0.0003149636,0.001410167,0.00654587,0.01450717],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002749336,0.00001506616,0.9346988,0.0001220206,0.00001281036,0.00003499705,0.05801573,0.0001062026,0.00007676693,0.00006149265,0.006835222,0.00001814984],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9863691,0.00144546,0.00007788413,0.002946588,0.00003695312,0.00003714224,0.001724865,0.000009887739,0.007352125],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9946821,0.00103111,0.0001242328,0.0003663349,0.00001114256,0.00002050118,0.0005142141,0.000006246894,0.003244144],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0778034,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5645058,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01948887548042583,"score_gpt":0.3653647033560236,"score_spread":0.3458758278755977,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}