{"id":"W4281481139","doi":"10.5430/ijhe.v11n5p87","title":"Effect of Optional Assessments on Student Engagement, Learning Approach, Stress, and Perceptions of Online Learning during COVID-19","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Higher Education","topic":"COVID-19 and Mental Health","field":"Psychology","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"University of Guelph","keywords":"Psychology; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Feeling; Student engagement; Online learning; Medical education; Perception; Asynchronous learning; Pandemic; Stress (linguistics); Mathematics education; Medicine; Teaching method; Cooperative learning; Computer science; Multimedia; Synchronous learning; Social psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0043146,0.0004559652,0.0006112494,0.0004958794,0.000687779,0.001306032,0.0005596863,0.0004461137,0.002149929],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01839573,0.0002025255,0.0005922393,0.0002989786,0.0004887962,0.0004485513,0.001789131,0.001588733,0.0003947447],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007691534,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001144291,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001305615,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0034608,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966074,0.001243361,0.0003251624,0.0003263034,0.0009323771,0.0005653896],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9780102,0.006702628,0.003931202,0.0009716178,0.001735525,0.008648773],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.009982449,0.05099317,0.5714015,0.0003693712,0.0001850202,0.0002476576,0.009686613,0.0009350745,0.01972523,0.0002090632,0.001783962,0.3344809],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000140161,0.01881734,0.9716414,0.00007691169,0.00004183231,0.00003988288,0.002552439,0.0008757807,0.004045242,0.0001589205,0.001557923,0.00005215394],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9993794,0.00001592253,0.00009538717,0.00003604847,0.00001250042,0.00004474584,0.00002036467,0.00001076256,0.0003847978],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984394,0.00003957497,0.0006491583,0.0000441465,0.00001371543,0.0001517861,0.00006761443,0.000003526475,0.000591158],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0043146,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02281809,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04580882084851409,"score_gpt":0.5004514099397827,"score_spread":0.4546425890912686,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}