{"id":"W4281792852","doi":"10.3390/nano12111922","title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Formed by Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Physiological Media—A Review of Reactions of Importance to Nanotoxicity and Proposal for Categorization","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Nanomaterials","topic":"Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":229,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan; Karolinska Institutet","keywords":"Metal; Reactive oxygen species; Biomolecule; Oxide; Chemistry; Nanotoxicology; Radical; Nanoparticle; Surface charge; Dissolution; Nanotechnology; Materials science; Organic chemistry; Biochemistry; Physical chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001635027,0.0002861873,0.001894222,0.000101264,0.0001036527,0.00002689077,0.0002254568,0.0001125736,0.0002491115],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001063775,0.0002137421,0.0001405464,0.0003311072,0.0001462467,0.0001741597,0.0001626323,0.00004821504,0.000002283315],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007408019,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001667207,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000421024,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001595684,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971605,0.0004151087,0.001410197,0.0005180626,0.0002345081,0.0002616515],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979124,0.0006135607,0.001020374,0.0002945561,0.00007429159,0.00008480094],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002802645,0.0001266777,0.000003068459,0.01192656,0.00002409893,4.048543e-7,0.00004664901,8.825856e-8,0.9822038,0.001517978,0.0001050342,0.004017548],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001747927,0.0001376898,0.00009724704,0.003645754,0.0004121058,0.000011021,0.00005455947,5.223446e-7,0.9068754,0.0007242625,0.08758568,0.000280912],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.4060134,0.5894431,0.00001312,0.00006141864,0.00009273268,0.002731499,0.001611931,0.00002172691,0.00001108587],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.03032317,0.9651676,0.001721466,0.00002377926,0.00003891121,0.002443268,0.0002315645,0.00003136805,0.00001886862],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3757245,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8716151,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06344806252657861,"score_gpt":0.3211829522582558,"score_spread":0.2577348897316772,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}