{"id":"W4283019699","doi":"10.1177/01914537221108467","title":"Online astroturfing: A problem beyond disinformation","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy & Social Criticism","topic":"Spam and Phishing Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Disinformation; Exploit; Internet privacy; Process (computing); Product (mathematics); Conformity; Social media; Computer science; Computer security; Political science; Law; World Wide Web","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002578739,0.0001267951,0.0001424568,0.0001142318,0.001144627,0.0001649687,0.0005704451,0.00004073098,0.00004247645],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002336973,0.0001460913,0.0001080813,0.0004884047,0.0000407979,0.0007588452,0.0003277984,0.0003457148,0.00002257316],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001304333,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005319095,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000265045,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000292976,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986287,0.0000955378,0.0002533449,0.0002428178,0.0005138726,0.0002656758],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995438,0.00004153866,0.00009191777,0.0002015506,0.00005874408,0.00006249012],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001938767,0.0004052021,0.00003840984,0.00004156972,0.00002349608,0.00001311831,0.01203431,0.0001172838,0.0004448534,0.955529,0.002632521,0.02870087],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006267279,0.0003600587,0.0008059868,0.00001007482,0.00001794096,0.00003522818,0.0003393607,0.008484025,0.0001800316,0.9584983,0.03026422,0.0003780199],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2189354,0.0007132316,0.3507174,0.2259815,0.009003093,0.002299851,0.0004265177,0.00368727,0.1882357],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9896905,9.784553e-7,0.007033349,0.002458452,0.0006146177,0.00006932947,0.00003986959,0.00001237791,0.00008045808],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7707551,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8803663,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02315736843444265,"score_gpt":0.2544116022751857,"score_spread":0.231254233840743,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}