{"id":"W4283019699","doi":"10.1177/01914537221108467","title":"Online astroturfing: A problem beyond disinformation","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy & Social Criticism","topic":"Spam and Phishing Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Disinformation; Exploit; Internet privacy; Process (computing); Product (mathematics); Conformity; Social media; Computer science; Computer security; Political science; Law; World Wide Web","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01381705,0.000691939,0.0009139398,0.00483314,0.005902496,0.009415431,0.001711511,0.005773399,0.007486822],"category_scores_gemma":[0.08586721,0.0005370319,0.0005128119,0.003594252,0.01542187,0.01967658,0.004665161,0.006654076,0.002861475],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002919991,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001661836,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003180577,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002476744,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9777715,0.01003746,0.0006695211,0.002346237,0.008237273,0.0009379933],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8733464,0.08047909,0.016516,0.0154164,0.01082565,0.003416484],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002729541,0.0002997175,0.0949575,0.0008523064,0.0001082258,0.002136799,0.08302174,0.0009758061,0.003260753,0.305043,0.0794744,0.4295968],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006925163,0.0004083018,0.06480833,0.002055221,0.000134993,0.01306021,0.06221435,0.009690789,0.006317076,0.2943012,0.5465934,0.0003468092],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3701831,0.009686764,0.07664894,0.2304363,0.001962424,0.0003734571,0.0003808369,0.001764337,0.3085639],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9456333,0.002338272,0.01150935,0.01685158,0.001973277,0.00009554942,0.0001353415,0.0003528,0.02111053],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01381705,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07307243,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02315736843444265,"score_gpt":0.2544116022751857,"score_spread":0.231254233840743,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}