{"id":"W4285213128","doi":"10.1093/teamat/hrac004","title":"A taxonomy of high school students’ levels of understanding in solving algebraic problems","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Teaching Mathematics and its Applications An International Journal of the IMA","topic":"Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Trent University","funders":"","keywords":"Taxonomy (biology); Mathematics education; Algebraic number; Sample (material); Algebra over a field; Psychology; Computer science; Pedagogy; Mathematics; Pure mathematics; Ecology; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003219645,0.00006801472,0.0001771146,0.0002363323,0.000319354,0.00006570578,0.001029192,0.00002301463,0.0001043167],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003435595,0.00005607197,0.00006248713,0.0001348791,0.00005837201,0.0001984895,0.000196929,0.0003166024,2.331895e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002534772,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001621744,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001416483,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003733489,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984337,0.000171994,0.0005979907,0.00007998695,0.0006295919,0.00008670535],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984831,0.0002108863,0.0009608671,0.0001497009,0.0001475801,0.00004785344],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002842241,0.0006559316,0.001619913,0.00003902583,0.000044404,1.85119e-7,0.01448722,0.00008559952,0.0008858001,0.9814152,0.00003973423,0.0007241821],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009248983,0.0001282556,0.003508796,0.0005985399,0.00007331773,0.00005402328,0.03900694,0.003003591,0.0006401981,0.9480109,0.003795035,0.0002554917],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7136711,0.0001001339,0.2814236,0.00136538,0.0001858981,0.0008346699,0.00002591445,0.00001920965,0.002374076],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9663396,0.00003176961,0.03340158,0.00003200845,0.00004525544,0.00005237588,6.510365e-7,0.000008452609,0.00008830592],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2526685,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2456245,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.09873022263521643,"score_gpt":0.3713954598240547,"score_spread":0.2726652371888383,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}