{"id":"W4285456888","doi":"10.1093/qje/qjab021","title":"Concessions, Violence, and Indirect Rule: Evidence from the Congo Free State","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","topic":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":79,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","funders":"","keywords":"Colonialism; Context (archaeology); Colonial rule; Public good; State (computer science); Economics; Private good; Free rider problem; Development economics; Political economy; Natural experiment; Political science; Public economics; Economic growth; Law; Geography; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00239372,0.0001788901,0.0002823386,0.001183818,0.002098862,0.001575572,0.0006188261,0.0005166496,0.006336549],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01262337,0.0001967482,0.0002375447,0.00193923,0.003030608,0.0006836705,0.001347947,0.000850425,0.0002799861],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001346362,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007398429,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1152757,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1812752,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977185,0.001551836,0.00008939618,0.0001947448,0.0001496212,0.0002958832],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9714602,0.01486043,0.009855206,0.001434528,0.001145181,0.001244507],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004577067,0.0004547182,0.9684456,0.0001449176,0.0002797446,0.0007454113,0.01131718,0.0004603934,0.0002967294,0.006063628,0.001896855,0.009437133],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005194151,0.00009668987,0.9799239,0.0001875279,0.0001816408,0.0001875863,0.01395022,0.000555108,0.0002426128,0.001187415,0.003413622,0.00002189005],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.992923,0.0006917415,0.00008883127,0.000848344,0.000007064623,0.000008091346,0.0002606567,0.000001024337,0.005171145],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993917,0.0002280013,0.0000229501,0.00006248428,0.000006492354,0.000003614049,0.00007827798,8.366274e-7,0.0002056129],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1152757,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2292094,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04099552397151097,"score_gpt":0.27884256701073,"score_spread":0.2378470430392191,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}