{"id":"W4288143301","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/201935223","title":"Machine learning in APOGEE","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","topic":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; York University; Carnegie Mellon University; Office of Science; Johns Hopkins University; College of Engineering, Michigan State University; Harvard University; Ohio State University; National Science Foundation; University of Washington; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; New Mexico State University; University of Portsmouth; Vanderbilt University; Yale University; University of Arizona; Princeton University; Brookhaven National Laboratory; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Cluster analysis; Star cluster; Stars; Metric (unit); Computer science; Cluster (spacecraft); Galaxy; Open cluster; Pattern recognition (psychology); Astrophysics; Artificial intelligence; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002557107,0.0001206449,0.0001844585,0.00005132022,0.00003835193,0.00002596012,0.00008482352,0.0000384611,0.0009003407],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004413833,0.000120155,0.00004393605,0.0001650581,0.00002445703,0.00009957259,0.00005266463,0.0002709276,0.00007359459],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000239194,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001475206,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005155427,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001636398,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993835,0.000006000198,0.0001181117,0.000207775,0.00006927911,0.0002153321],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997405,0.00002989776,0.00005211533,0.0001224341,0.000008862178,0.00004620888],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005170007,0.0001557832,0.7189206,0.00006325139,0.00009548242,0.000004296024,0.0001259346,0.001147598,0.06861665,0.001730703,0.00001779004,0.2090702],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008530259,0.000629834,0.04881182,0.0001717341,0.0003874328,0.00002109143,0.005102871,0.007966777,0.5116569,0.001548067,0.4129582,0.002215023],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9832767,0.0002406289,0.003818789,0.00003424182,0.00001635978,0.00002504266,0.000005425558,0.00003560372,0.01254727],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9936402,0.00001449441,0.004191096,0.00001341257,0.00006664953,0.000003516403,0.00002937723,0.00001209876,0.002029161],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6701088,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9858099,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005268641933300821,"score_gpt":0.2128456966839542,"score_spread":0.2075770547506534,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}