{"id":"W4289830259","doi":"10.1017/wsc.2022.43","title":"Occurrence and management of herbicide resistance in annual vegetable production systems in North America","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weed Science","topic":"Weed Control and Herbicide Applications","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Resistance (ecology); Herbicide resistance; Weed control; Agronomy; Weed; Biology; Biotechnology; High resistance; Pesticide resistance; Agroforestry; Pesticide","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004244871,0.00005837616,0.000110112,0.00003978602,0.0002114641,0.0000199346,0.0003006077,0.000006939313,0.00001275807],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001257489,0.00003035223,0.00001070378,0.002141246,0.0001815151,0.0001616141,0.0001332098,0.00008428292,0.000002133031],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005321477,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001367546,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007429003,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007174909,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989588,0.00004020036,0.0001906975,0.0003257543,0.0002776455,0.0002069653],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997469,0.00002739185,0.00008386822,0.00006985202,0.00003633468,0.00003570414],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008201587,0.0003024556,0.03358335,0.00008514601,0.000004646643,0.00001110325,0.001228137,0.003734219,0.923481,0.004319281,0.0003077025,0.03286093],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008323421,0.000044476,0.984709,0.00001732864,0.000002344863,0.000001363546,0.002037468,0.0001567049,0.00008490715,0.0001394544,0.01264071,0.00008306059],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.997196,0.0009647338,0.000001707945,0.0006424296,0.00006766526,0.0003881008,0.0000504302,0.00001210876,0.0006768306],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995005,0.0000112628,0.00007124843,0.00002916864,0.00001065587,0.0002382031,0.000007104937,2.007008e-7,0.0001317108],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9511256,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991806,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01180098277225335,"score_gpt":0.2136918471315225,"score_spread":0.2018908643592692,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}