{"id":"W4289830259","doi":"10.1017/wsc.2022.43","title":"Occurrence and management of herbicide resistance in annual vegetable production systems in North America","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weed Science","topic":"Weed Control and Herbicide Applications","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Resistance (ecology); Herbicide resistance; Weed control; Agronomy; Weed; Biology; Biotechnology; High resistance; Pesticide resistance; Agroforestry; Pesticide","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004830336,0.0001298789,0.0001323092,0.0009256486,0.0003196644,0.0004640677,0.0003244024,0.0001200989,0.0004456315],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004286365,0.0000608301,0.0001177794,0.001188369,0.000237667,0.0002049295,0.0002057932,0.000123055,0.000040783],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001339945,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001627511,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.05567608,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1464863,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996804,0.00006639103,0.00002428685,0.00008290407,0.0001013405,0.00004471861],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999173,0.0001349638,0.0004177713,0.00002075253,0.0001902569,0.00006330405],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000321548,0.0002188736,0.5133623,0.004490364,0.0003267175,0.003085621,0.005178886,0.001936787,0.1046491,0.001208039,0.002946988,0.3622748],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004968184,0.0003209767,0.9600646,0.0002892819,0.00008913352,0.0007114736,0.0043344,0.0004655522,0.004303412,0.0001906772,0.02920557,0.00002000003],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9604034,0.031855,0.0008672553,0.0003006682,0.0000178232,0.00003706188,0.0003365393,0.00003710963,0.006145209],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9790163,0.01853392,0.001107854,0.00005522902,0.000004982481,0.00001160169,0.000318337,0.000004918375,0.0009468236],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9443239,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.110704,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01180098277225335,"score_gpt":0.2136918471315225,"score_spread":0.2018908643592692,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}