{"id":"W4289835801","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwac137","title":"Causal and Associational Language in Observational Health Research: A Systematic Evaluation","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Epidemiology","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":84,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; McGill University; AIDS Vancouver; University of Toronto","funders":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; National Institute of Mental Health; Medical Research Council; National Institutes of Health; Laura and John Arnold Foundation; Arnold Ventures; Stanford University; Bloomberg American Health Initiative","keywords":"Observational study; Medicine; Linguistics; Psychology; Pathology; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.4990499,0.004152251,0.01414994,0.02072449,0.002549714,0.009628258,0.003958944,0.004635569,0.004641476],"category_scores_gemma":[0.7644612,0.003399897,0.02685378,0.01797713,0.006959893,0.01123769,0.007538196,0.003622508,0.00061087],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01278154,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0241656,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007536323,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0136546,"domain_scores_codex":[0.3160457,0.4020526,0.208224,0.01327116,0.05839107,0.002015627],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.1152295,0.6790448,0.1243682,0.02168291,0.05755156,0.002123155],"domain_codex":"methods","domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":"methods","study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00587146,0.0001730652,0.02768398,0.7363816,0.1570154,0.0001977412,0.003019128,0.0007861023,0.0003327951,0.001851969,0.001657257,0.06502955],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009280737,0.00423238,0.03334347,0.4686387,0.4579377,0.0005587176,0.002099815,0.002365474,0.001189756,0.005610839,0.01427836,0.0004640613],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04965171,0.8485351,0.03958536,0.00649046,0.002150913,0.0432797,0.005857181,0.0003722525,0.004077276],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6289228,0.2062891,0.08008651,0.004087181,0.001573661,0.07479187,0.003466803,0.0002001976,0.0005818722],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5009501,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6177607,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.6763604971814872,"score_gpt":0.5975422495148568,"score_spread":0.07881824766663037,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}