{"id":"W4290999328","doi":"10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00510-2","title":"Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases","topic":"Respiratory viral infections research","field":"Medicine","cited_by":314,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University; National Institute of General Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University; South Eastern Sydney Local Health District; University of Technology Sydney; Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Directorate for Biological Sciences; Uniwersytet Opolski; George Institute for Global Health; Uniwersytet Łódzki; Maragheh University of Medical Sciences; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Universitas Sam Ratulangi; Western Sydney University; University of New South Wales; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences; Rajshahi University; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Universitas Padjadjaran; Medical Research Council; University of Tlemcen; Jahrom University of Medical Sciences; University of Jeddah; Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences; Chongqing University of Science and Technology; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology; Gonabad University of Medical Sciences; University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore; Walailak University; University of Colombo; Jawaharlal Institute Of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Xiamen University; University of Zanjan; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Khulna University; United Arab Emirates University; University of Gondar; Zanjan University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Peking University; University of Health and Allied Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Golestan University of Medical Sciences; Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie \"Carol Davila\" Bucureşti; Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin; Majmaah University; Rajarata University of Sri Lanka; Shaqra University; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; World Health Organization; Urmia University; Arak University of Medical Sciences; Alborz University of Medical Sciences; Universidade do Porto; Trakya Üniversitesi; Wuhan University; African Population and Health Research Center; Technische Universität Berlin; Lung Foundation Australia; Victoria University; University of Tsukuba; Hawassa University; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Oulun Yliopisto; Bahir Dar University; Universitätsklinikum Essen; Universitat de Barcelona; Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences; University of Jordan; Monash University; Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale; Universidade de São Paulo; Masarykova Univerzita; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Instituto Politécnico do Porto; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Birjand University of Medical Sciences; Nankai University; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Shahrekord University; Banaras Hindu University; National Institutes of Health; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Division of Human Resource Development; Chinese University of Hong Kong; King Fahad Medical City; Haramaya University; Samara University; Coventry University; University College London; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Kuwait University; University of Wollongong; King Abdulaziz University; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; International Medical University; Islamic Azad University; Gachon University; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University; Kyung Hee University; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Universitetet i Bergen; King Saud University; College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Ain Shams University; Queensland University of Technology; Babol University of Medical Sciences; Shahroud University of Medical Sciences; University of Central Punjab; James Cook University; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; University of Cape Town; Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research; Victoria University of Wellington; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Charles Sturt University; Cleveland Clinic; University College Cork; Amity University; National Institute for Health and Care Research; Public Health England; Imperial College London; University of Toronto; Arizona State University; Macquarie University; Shiraz University; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Hamad Bin Khalifa University; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II; La Trobe University; Universidad de Colima; Dilla University; McMaster University; Amirkabir University of Technology; University of Oxford; University of Warwick; Universidad de Antioquia; Hamad Medical Corporation; Krishna Institute Of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University; Washington University in St. Louis; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; University of Southern California; Madda Walabu University; Kerman University of Medical Sciences; University of Reading; Universiteit Stellenbosch; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Indiana University Health; Yazd University; Tehran Heart Center; Chongqing University; Dire Dawa University; University of Petroleum and Energy Studies; Iran University of Medical Sciences; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; Curtin University of Technology; University of Crete; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Ball State University; Addis Ababa University; Sultan Qaboos University; University of Tabriz; Georgetown University; Ahmadu Bello University; Bournemouth University; University of Pittsburgh; Deakin University; Helsingin Yliopisto; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats; Federation University Australia; Alfaisal University; City University of Hong Kong; Univerzita Karlova v Praze; McGill University; Peking University Third Hospital; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology; Dongguk University; Rice University; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal; Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; Università di Catania; Emory University; Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli; University of Karachi; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Indian Council of Medical Research; Cancer Institute NSW; Wellcome Trust; Yonsei University; Pfizer","keywords":"Medicine; Incidence (geometry); Demography; Population; Disease burden; Verbal autopsy; Disease; Cause of death; Pediatrics; Gerontology; Environmental health; Internal medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001166101,0.0003291008,0.0006939168,0.000115364,0.0007637739,0.0001007181,0.0006903433,0.00006185871,0.0001458674],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00186455,0.0001771307,0.0002289444,0.001301381,0.0007066785,0.0001346861,0.0005636717,0.0006742165,0.000009403974],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003105019,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003735442,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04722744,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00194847,"domain_scores_codex":[0.994702,0.002597605,0.0006817329,0.0005145679,0.00106057,0.0004434832],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.996218,0.001561199,0.000390002,0.001492999,0.0001409543,0.0001968286],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001412824,0.001492551,0.9894404,0.00002718128,0.0003964553,0.00004699649,0.001442622,0.00127954,0.00002213657,0.000157507,0.00366201,0.000619809],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003321597,0.002210712,0.9850212,0.00004737672,0.000589194,0.000005934487,0.003299541,0.00008825884,0.000004487019,0.00165875,0.003573479,0.0001794092],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9872431,0.001963505,0.000005752092,0.0005818144,0.000283256,0.001903274,0.006879483,0.00009412115,0.001045676],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984586,0.0003416516,9.095117e-7,0.000231849,0.0005827451,0.0002312727,0.00008111407,0.0000193594,0.00005253347],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04527897,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9591172,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04670092758526799,"score_gpt":0.3435572239795405,"score_spread":0.2968562963942725,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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