{"id":"W4294712395","doi":"10.1215/00703370-10188919","title":"Long-Term Exposure to Neighborhood Policing and the Racial/Ethnic Gap in High School Graduation","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Demography","topic":"Education Discipline and Inequality","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Graduation (instrument); Ethnic group; Psychological intervention; Counterfactual thinking; Educational attainment; Quarter (Canadian coin); White (mutation); Criminology; Psychology; Demographic economics; Demography; Sociology; Political science; Social psychology; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001668987,0.00007402591,0.0001226406,0.0002332108,0.0007370427,0.00006454754,0.000210494,0.00003142674,0.000214368],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002037541,0.00006248718,0.00006383358,0.001619994,0.0001231398,0.0001478719,0.00008914422,0.0001896472,0.000006074562],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004970009,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001068441,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00326053,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006899165,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983919,0.0006548621,0.0002174452,0.0001904149,0.0003264413,0.0002189177],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994434,0.0001557691,0.00007997473,0.0001704107,0.00004250529,0.0001080143],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003078309,0.00006224614,0.8869497,0.000004748781,0.000009584493,5.348808e-7,0.0390183,0.00002649961,0.00002269071,0.06853174,0.0005426127,0.004800597],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005052704,0.00003707174,0.975797,0.000006405427,0.00001044862,2.684055e-7,0.01032769,0.000005186452,0.00000391523,0.01278624,0.0004275238,0.00009297221],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.978564,0.0004450246,0.00007455001,0.01795859,0.0002920354,0.0004296591,0.00000637916,0.00003316704,0.002196605],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976957,0.000100552,0.00003194275,0.001628841,0.0002521101,0.000155629,0.00001113487,0.000006448979,0.0001175867],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08884733,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5668812,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04250143370024451,"score_gpt":0.358323537147597,"score_spread":0.3158221034473525,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}