{"id":"W4294992329","doi":"10.1093/jlb/lsac022","title":"Biological patent thickets and delayed access to biosimilars, an American problem","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Law and the Biosciences","topic":"Biosimilars and Bioanalytical Methods","field":"Immunology and Microbiology","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Biosimilar; Medicine; Internal medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002270081,0.0001071676,0.0002993965,0.00007138428,0.0006549155,0.00009481865,0.0005281436,0.00004518913,0.0000777329],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006836466,0.00004896261,0.00006420446,0.000249299,0.002013487,0.0001298612,0.0003845499,0.0002963404,5.522128e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001137593,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003532138,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009647123,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002710826,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998484,0.0007041728,0.0003036649,0.0001952511,0.0000894404,0.0002234655],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992628,0.0002701327,0.0002384405,0.00009878642,0.00005427961,0.00007562843],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01276255,0.001866875,0.03569699,0.00003857278,0.001022909,0.0001255563,0.007590693,0.00003904065,0.4659832,0.3056728,0.009353203,0.1598476],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009958939,0.03644982,0.08180992,0.00009770368,0.0006032446,0.005337417,0.01236233,0.0001790035,0.05595402,0.07386198,0.7218322,0.001553478],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9688465,0.002555913,0.0001256195,0.02707137,0.0004783569,0.0002034829,0.00003073783,0.00001064184,0.0006773922],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9886646,0.0003720897,0.0009642594,0.009928054,0.00002880415,0.000004731447,6.230382e-7,0.000002796718,0.0000340378],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7124789,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7418776,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0801436779493731,"score_gpt":0.3319851702690226,"score_spread":0.2518414923196495,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}