{"id":"W4296906659","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101040","title":"Advances in biomass torrefaction: Parameters, models, reactors, applications, deployment, and market","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":205,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"European Commission; Abdul Latif Jameel Water and Food Systems Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology","keywords":"Torrefaction; Biomass (ecology); Raw material; Biochar; Renewable energy; Environmental science; Waste management; Biofuel; Bioenergy; Fossil fuel; Pyrolysis; Process engineering; Engineering; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002232781,0.00008051649,0.00007902322,0.0001886482,0.0001200365,0.00004222094,0.000162811,0.00002487965,0.00001401416],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005885572,0.00008423312,0.000006762802,0.0007377748,0.0002210552,0.000623095,0.0001156371,0.00007755074,1.236539e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009642815,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001697618,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008765506,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009360917,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992491,0.00002174677,0.0001342216,0.0002453797,0.0001906177,0.0001589454],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997616,0.00003892048,0.00002963596,0.0001007729,0.00001595211,0.00005314779],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007126263,0.0001249724,0.0410735,0.0001387951,0.000004672842,0.000006636986,0.0002057977,0.007026296,0.0074826,0.009430137,0.00007491087,0.9343604],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002920072,0.0002499313,0.01355448,0.0002143656,0.00002807161,0.0001425717,0.003306817,0.560536,0.2560827,0.04869461,0.1122882,0.001982204],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9578522,0.03800604,0.002622051,0.0001732465,0.0002281289,0.0001832183,0.000007130507,0.0001963655,0.0007315786],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965518,0.002638061,0.0005176846,0.00001990554,0.000004622823,0.0002498553,0.000003199199,0.000005786391,0.000009142394],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9323782,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3434927,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009504014565921393,"score_gpt":0.2288430368206877,"score_spread":0.2193390222547663,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}