{"id":"W4297023467","doi":"10.1002/9781119820086.ch17","title":"Reverse Osmosis","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"other","venue":"","topic":"Membrane Separation Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Stantec (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Reverse osmosis; Nanofiltration; Fouling; Concentration polarization; Membrane; Chemistry; Osmosis; Forward osmosis; Membrane fouling; Permeation; Membrane technology; Chemical engineering; Environmental chemistry; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003989835,0.0007349478,0.0006837323,0.0009516983,0.0007584394,0.001753598,0.00102449,0.0009253761,0.01808551],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004149359,0.0003159552,0.0005268817,0.0009935725,0.0005529191,0.001796094,0.001397696,0.001249483,0.0178193],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007444627,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008458989,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000838714,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001234581,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990595,0.00005435335,0.00004447077,0.0001548136,0.0006111884,0.00007571778],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998313,0.00001698037,0.0000214375,0.00002632932,0.0000877999,0.00001610382],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001215546,0.0001789152,0.0005964306,0.002112506,0.00005881149,0.0005520941,0.0001573866,0.001206702,0.241641,0.08672132,0.1515892,0.515064],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001019631,0.00005919955,0.0002015669,0.00006816245,0.00000969188,0.000485858,0.00001957153,0.0008562999,0.0782772,0.002248284,0.9177442,0.000019737],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.02141406,0.07166436,0.2216017,0.004672171,0.006165263,0.0009242379,0.006049442,0.009077002,0.6584317],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1531082,0.09375193,0.1848792,0.004392023,0.001028349,0.0008412717,0.0073299,0.001182256,0.5534868],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9819145,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06050205,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01096279732038714,"score_gpt":0.2241592472719031,"score_spread":0.213196449951516,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}