{"id":"W4297047506","doi":"10.1080/09500693.2022.2114299","title":"The role of language in students’ justifications of chemical phenomena","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Science Education","topic":"Educational Strategies and Epistemologies","field":"Psychology","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Argumentation theory; Language proficiency; Psychology; Mathematics education; Language assessment; Scientific reasoning; Pedagogy; Linguistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001099828,0.00003839823,0.0000724171,0.0002394179,0.00008100961,0.00002678801,0.001258879,0.00001096676,0.0002110718],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001955092,0.00003027719,0.00003826944,0.0003746068,0.0004047404,0.0001323777,0.00008980827,0.000129488,0.000001985743],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002085379,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009196693,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002105842,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004662939,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986658,0.00004894183,0.0004200056,0.00008357155,0.000691811,0.00008984994],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987152,0.0001670739,0.0005013453,0.0001197078,0.0004703061,0.00002638157],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003778031,0.004036548,0.2131962,0.000008906293,0.0001277041,0.000002915188,0.07233879,0.0006557988,0.1777202,0.4534119,0.002340148,0.07578301],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003101473,0.0001231598,0.5863363,0.00002639128,0.00001244785,0.00009988141,0.3883367,0.00002926193,0.007780132,0.01064952,0.006215951,0.00008008182],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9892048,0.0008431905,0.000006405325,0.001527768,0.002569993,0.00005488701,0.000005985493,0.000001400486,0.005785634],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999361,0.00001716958,0.0001456701,0.00003330023,0.0001638744,0.00001507257,0.000002907233,0.000002356001,0.000258666],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4427624,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2339332,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02165032146522417,"score_gpt":0.3958578668680642,"score_spread":0.3742075454028401,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}