{"id":"W4297223429","doi":"10.1007/s42761-022-00128-3","title":"In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Affective Science","topic":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal; Concordia University; Wilfrid Laurier University; University of the Fraser Valley; Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"Leibniz-Gemeinschaft; Australian Research Council; National Institute of Mental Health; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; National Institutes of Health; Huo Family Foundation; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Vedecká Grantová Agentúra MŠVVaŠ SR a SAV; Norges Forskningsråd; Pennsylvania State University; Agentúra na Podporu Výskumu a Vývoja; Università degli Studi di Padova; Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca; Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes; National Cancer Institute; Narodowym Centrum Nauki; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Dipartimenti di Eccellenza; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej; European Commission; Association for Psychological Science; National Research University Higher School of Economics; Kingston University; Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; Univerzita Karlova v Praze; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; University of Pennsylvania; Education University of Hong Kong; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Framing (construction); Feeling; Anxiety; Psychology; Framing effect; Psychological intervention; Social psychology; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Pandemic; Empirical evidence; Unintended consequences; Political science; Medicine; Persuasion","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004076762,0.0001550047,0.0002284787,0.0002409516,0.002720152,0.00035002,0.0006907636,0.00002649788,0.0008847567],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002577674,0.0001412014,0.00002904019,0.001783633,0.001163484,0.002657361,0.0002963452,0.0002081838,0.00004432185],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003112343,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004228119,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.06319518,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004681485,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99668,0.000455953,0.0002399069,0.0004725376,0.00151727,0.0006343937],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979768,0.0007535678,0.000193079,0.0002463575,0.0001346545,0.0006955545],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005042764,0.0003344387,0.1361777,0.00003416174,0.00001785682,0.00002783237,0.8242786,0.003734119,0.001548964,0.02524994,0.006002098,0.002090035],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0034518,0.0029266,0.2811119,0.00100186,0.00001653094,0.00004288128,0.5899787,0.001585374,0.007677224,0.000774298,0.1097641,0.001668681],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9904385,0.001157202,0.000321829,0.004009503,0.0002633074,0.0007514498,0.00007455856,0.00007849024,0.002905196],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9884161,0.0001755809,0.0003436394,0.0108816,0.00005128076,0.00004292484,0.000002884443,0.000007083001,0.00007891742],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2342999,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985782,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02883925264514641,"score_gpt":0.3664309241291618,"score_spread":0.3375916714840154,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}