{"id":"W4297498940","doi":"10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102378","title":"Internal whistleblowing and stock price crash risk","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Review of Financial Analysis","topic":"Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Stock price; Crash; Corporate governance; Stock (firearms); Empirical evidence; Propensity score matching; Instrumental variable; Accounting; Monetary economics; Economics; Econometrics; Finance; Computer science; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009450404,0.0001599586,0.0004164056,0.0004425685,0.0002254721,0.00007265072,0.0005866203,0.00001779254,0.002432921],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01011617,0.000165622,0.0002696884,0.001896715,0.00004261056,0.0004417027,0.0008701544,0.0002522447,0.00003710623],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001017144,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002986168,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001060818,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000830903,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980943,0.00003072347,0.0005551251,0.0003538293,0.0007938202,0.0001721558],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9905593,0.00004366562,0.008813695,0.0001994275,0.0003718722,0.0000120004],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003369873,0.0001388554,0.5558133,0.001357701,0.0009620057,0.00003047497,0.00004852427,0.0006838511,0.0000259904,0.02152175,0.02226815,0.3971157],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001989902,0.00001007126,0.2872056,0.0004396678,0.0009595287,0.000001507995,0.00001779997,0.003517789,0.000002329707,0.0005128855,0.7069446,0.0001892203],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5255488,0.02426539,0.3544521,0.006539082,0.002543622,0.001201206,0.0002400407,0.0002113294,0.08499841],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9883113,0.004548185,0.0003715193,0.004238734,0.0005540648,0.00006854872,0.00008382813,0.0000189059,0.001804903],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6846764,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.998479,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006731036406675802,"score_gpt":0.2324710853050251,"score_spread":0.2257400488983493,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}